You must all be Interned : Identity Among Internees in Great Britain during World War II

Between 1933 and 1940, the United States, Great Britain and most other developed nations saw an influx of German refugees entering their borders attempting to be free of the tyranny of Hitler’s National Socialism. Many of those fleeing from Germany were intellectuals: authors, teachers, artists, or thinkers who faced persecution in their homeland. For the men, women, and children who chose the British Isles as their new home, Great Britain symbolized hope for a life free from persecution. By 1941, however, many refugees from Germany found themselves arrested and put into camps, not by the Nazis, but by their protectors, the British

Spying on Americans: At What Point Does the NSA\u27s Collection and Searching of Metadata Violate the Fourth Amendment?

Edward Snowden became a household name on June 5, 2013, when he leaked highly classified documents revealing that the American Government was spying on its citizens. The information exposed that the National Security Agency (NSA) collected millions of American’s metadata through forced cooperation with telephone-service providers. Metadata contains sensitive and private information about a person’s life. When collected and searched, metadata can reveal a portrait of a person’s intimate activities amounting to a violation of one’s reasonable expectation of privacy. This Article suggests changing the current standard allowing the NSA to collect and search metadata under Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act. The threshold needed to obtain and search a person’s metadata should be raised from the current standard of reasonable and articulable suspicion to a higher burden of probable cause. Since Mr. Snowden’s unauthorized disclosure, there has been public outcry regarding metadata collection. In response, President Obama issued a Public Policy Directive limiting the scope of metadata that the NSA can collect. Additionally, Congress has proposed legislation changing how the NSA collects, stores, and searches metadata. The bills, however, keep intact the minimum reasonable and articulable standard necessary to search metadata. The breadth of information that can be gleaned from metadata makes it intrusive and subjects it to the Fourth Amendment. Yet gathering and searching metadata can be a valuable tool in the fight against terrorism and protecting American citizens from future attacks. Requiring the threshold to be raised to a probable cause determination adequately balances privacy interests against national security interests

Phenological and structural linkages to seasonality inform productivity relationships in the Amazon Rainforest

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149280/1/nph15783.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149280/2/nph15783_am.pd

Functional characterisation of natural variants of the hepatitis C virus p7 ion channel protein

The HCV p7 protein is a viroporin that acts to increase endosomal pH to preserve the infectivity of nascent virions. Previous work has identified several key residues in p7 that are critical for its function. A number of compounds have been found to inhibit p7 activity in vitro and genotype variation in the p7 sequence is known to have significant effects on p7 inhibitor sensitivity. This study aimed to further our understanding of the role of p7 during HCV infection. The effects of six naturally-occurring p7 variants, within a single genotype, isolated from 5 patients of varying disease severity were investigated. It was found in in vitro liposome assays that the patient polymorphisms caused a wide variation in p7 channel activity. The previously-observed low-pH activation in J4 p7 was also observed in JFH1 p7, but not in H77 p7; this showed a ‘V’ shaped activation profile, with its lowest activity at pH 6.7 and peak activity at pH 6.2 and 7.4. Four of the patient isolates shared the same activation pattern as H77; two with non-synonymous mutations of S21P and Y31H displaying low-pH activation. In virus, the Y31H mutant was the only Seattle variant to show a significant reduction in the production of infectious virus. JFH1 intracellular virions have previously been shown to be sensitive to transient exposure to reduced pH, while secreted virions were insensitive to such changes. In this study, it is shown that H77 secreted virions are sensitive to transient reductions in pH, while the Seattle isolate viruses showed reduced pH sensitivity. The Y31H isolate also showed increased sensitivity to the p7 inhibitor rimantadine. In conclusion, this study found that natural polymorphisms in p7 within a single genotype can cause significant changes in p7 activity. These changes did not show any correlation with the severity of disease in the original patients

Response to intervention: Incorporation of an increasing intensity design to improve mathematics fluency

Although there is ample evidence regarding the effectiveness of the response to intervention (RTI) model for assessing reading disabilities, the utility of the RTI model in assessing other academic domains has remained relatively unexplored. The purpose of this study was to investigate an RTI model in mathematics wherein an effective general education intervention was implemented with students in the second grade. Participants in this study were 5 teachers and 71 general education students from an elementary school in a Southwest rural community. The first phase of this study involved a class-wide intervention utilizing goal-setting and reinforced practice and was implemented over 24 sessions. Slopes were calculated for each student using least squares regression to determine learning trajectories. These slopes were then used to establish proficiency groups (High Rate Responders, Average Rate Responders, and Low Rate Responders) based on the students' response to intervention. Each response group had remarkably different learning trajectories. Low Rate Responders (n = 4) were included in the second phase of the study. Phase two entailed using the same intervention at increasing intensity levels to improve the response (i.e. slope) of students who responded poorly to the initial intervention phase. The students' response to increasing intervention intensity was evaluated within a multiple baseline design across subjects. Results of this study indicate that the application of an intervention hierarchy design involving increased intervention frequency reduced the difference between the slope of average rate learners and low rate learners

Public Participation in Transportation Planning in Greensboro

The planning procedures involved in providing transportation within urbanized areas have undergone a major transformation with the creation of the Intermodai Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) and the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA). Both include specific mandates that require administrators to develop a public involvement process that solicits meaningful and timely input from the general public. In accordance with these requirements, the Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) are required to promote increased community and private sector participation in all areas of transportation planning. To meet these requirements, the Greensboro Department of Transportation has changed their approach towards public involvement through the development of several innovative concepts. This paper will describe several case studies that illustrate these concepts

The Grizzly, March 27, 1981

Parents Day Slated for Early April • Overwhelming Enthusiasm Welcomes Special Olympics • Bomberger Tower Under Construction • SPC Elects New Grizzly Editor-in-Chief • Shakespeare Opens • Departmental Focus: Math Department • Transplanted Texan: NY to Collegeville • Spectrum Tries New Ticket Sales • Values Next Forum Topic • TV Production in Communications • Language Clubs Host Dessert Festival • Final Exam Schedule • Baseball Team Carries Much Potential • Hoopsters Finish 3rd in Nation • Tennis Team Prepares for Tough Season • Women\u27s Lacrosse Start Season 1-1https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1056/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, March 20, 1981

Special Olympics at Ursinus This Weekend • IFC All Set for Dance • Basketball Team Shootin\u27 for National Title • St. Andrews Scholarship Applications Being Taken • McQuillan Warns of Student Loan Cuts • USGA Notes • Evening Student Awarded Phillips Prize • Departmental Focus: Economics / Business Administration • Texan in New York • Rush Clarifies Itself in Moving Pictures • Positive Rock Radio • Midsummer Night\u27s Dream in Final Preparation • UC Secretaries: Service Beyond the Call of Duty • Classics Club Announces Movie • Course Offerings 1981-1982 • Ursinus Basketball in Final Four • All-American Giff Earns Third • Gymnastics Season Seen as a Successhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1055/thumbnail.jp

Eosinophils Protect Against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury Through Cyclooxygenase-Mediated IL-4/IL-13 Production

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A better understanding of the underlying mechanism of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury (AILI) remains an important endeavor to develop therapeutic approaches. Eosinophils have been detected in liver biopsies of patients with APAP overdose. We recently demonstrated a profound protective role of eosinophils against AILI; however, the molecular mechanism had not been elucidated. APPROACH AND RESULTS: In agreement with our previous data from experiments using genetic deletion of eosinophils, we found that depletion of eosinophils in wild-type (WT) mice by an anti-IL-15 antibody resulted in exacerbated AILI. Moreover, adoptive transfer of eosinophils significantly reduced liver injury and mortality rate in WT mice. Mechanistic studies using eosinophil-specific IL-4/IL-13 knockout mice demonstrated that these cytokines, through inhibiting interferon-γ, mediated the hepatoprotective function of eosinophils. Reverse phase protein array analyses and in vitro experiments using various inhibitors demonstrated that IL-33 stimulation of eosinophils activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and in turn, cyclooxygenases (COX), which triggered NF-κB-mediated IL-4/IL-13 production. In vivo adoptive transfer experiments showed that in contrast to naive eosinophils, those pretreated with COX inhibitors failed to attenuate AILI. CONCLUSIONS: The current study revealed that eosinophil-derived IL-4/IL-13 accounted for the hepatoprotective effect of eosinophils during AILI. The data demonstrated that the p38 MAPK/COX/NF-κB signaling cascade played a critical role in inducing IL-4/IL-13 production by eosinophils in response to IL-33