Frequency and Geographic Distribution of <i>gyrA</i> and <i>gyrB</i> Mutations Associated with Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Clinical <i>Mycobacterium Tuberculosis</i> Isolates: A Systematic Review

<div><p>Background</p><p>The detection of mutations in the <i>gyrA</i> and <i>gyrB</i> genes in the <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> genome that have been demonstrated to confer phenotypic resistance to fluoroquinolones is the most promising technology for rapid diagnosis of fluoroquinolone resistance.</p><p>Methods</p><p>In order to characterize the diversity and frequency of gyrA and gyrB mutations and to describe the global distribution of these mutations, we conducted a systematic review, from May 1996 to April 2013, of all published studies evaluating Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutations associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones. The overall goal of the study was to determine the potential utility and reliability of these mutations as diagnostic markers to detect phenotypic fluoroquinolone resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and to describe their geographic distribution.</p><p>Results</p><p>Forty-six studies, covering four continents and 18 countries, provided mutation data for 3,846 unique clinical isolates with phenotypic resistance profiles to fluoroquinolones. The gyrA mutations occurring most frequently in fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates, ranged from 21–32% for D94G and 13–20% for A90V, by drug. Eighty seven percent of all strains that were phenotypically resistant to moxifloxacin and 83% of ofloxacin resistant isolates contained mutations in gyrA. Additionally we found that 83% and 80% of moxifloxacin and ofloxacin resistant strains respectively, were observed to have mutations in the gyrA codons interrogated by the existing MTBDR<i>sl</i> line probe assay. In China and Russia, 83% and 84% of fluoroquinolone resistant strains respectively, were observed to have gyrA mutations in the gene regions covered by the MTBDR<i>sl</i> assay.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Molecular diagnostics, specifically the Genotype MTBDR<i>sl</i> assay, focusing on codons 88–94 should have moderate to high sensitivity in most countries. While we did observe geographic differences in the frequencies of single gyrA mutations across countries, molecular diagnostics based on detection of all gyrA mutations demonstrated to confer resistance should have broad and global utility.</p></div

Heat map of Reviewed Studies that Evaluated <i>gyrA</i> Gene Mutations in <i>Mtb</i>.

<p>Heat map of individual papers indicating the number of isolates and the region of the <i>gyrA</i> gene studied. The number of isolates testes ranges from 8 (light grey) to 227 (black). Red indicates that a mutation has been found.</p