Clusters and cluster-centroids identified in the right (R) primary auditory cortex (PAC) in healthy controls (blue) and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) patients (red).

<p>The silhouette analysis identified two clusters in healthy controls and four clusters in LHON patients. The cluster-centroid profile analysis of the R PAC of LHON patients showed a structural connectivity with the frontal pole, the pallidum, and the supramarginal gyrus, which was not detected in controls. X-axis reports brain areas classified according to the Harvard-Oxford cortical and subcortical atlas.</p

Spatial patterns of between-group differences in resting state (RS) fluctuations of the primary visual network (A, B), the secondary visual network (C) and the auditory network (D) between LHON patients and healthy controls.

<p>Clusters of increased RS activity in LHON patients are color-coded with red to yellow T values, while clusters of decreased RS activity in LHON patients are color-coded with dark to light blue T values. Images are in neurologic convention.</p

Spatial pattern and corresponding time courses of potentially functionally relevant resting state networks (RSNs) in healthy volunteers and patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy: three RSNs included primary (A, B) and secondary (C) visual cortical areas; two RSNs (D, E) included sensorimotor areas; two RSNs (F, G) included areas that are part of the default mode network; two RSNs included fronto-parietal areas lateralized to the right (H) and left (J) hemispheres; one RSN (K) included primary and secondary auditory areas.

<p>See text for further details. Images are in neurologic convention.</p

Differences in cluster-centroid profiles between patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and healthy controls.

<p>Abbreviations: LHON = Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, R = right, L = left, V1 = primary visual cortex.</p

Description of the tasks administered to the two groups of subjects during motor training.

<p>Group A = training with repetitive, transitive, object-related and goal-directed motor sequences of the right hand; group B = training with intransitive non purposeful motor actions of the right hand.</p

Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) regions, superimposed on high-resolution T1-weighted scans showing areas with significant gray matter (GM) volume changes at the between-group comparison (ANCOVA, p<0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons, family-wise error).

<p>Top row: areas of significant GM volume increases in group A <i>vs</i>. group B at time 1 <i>vs</i>. time 0. Bottom row: areas of significant GM volume increase in group B <i>vs</i>. group A at time 1 <i>vs</i>. time 0. See text for further details. Images are in neurological convention.</p

MSJ787347_supplementary_figure – Supplemental material for Dynamic volumetric changes of hippocampal subfields in clinically isolated syndrome patients: A 2-year MRI study

<p>Supplemental material, MSJ787347_supplementary_figure for Dynamic volumetric changes of hippocampal subfields in clinically isolated syndrome patients: A 2-year MRI study by Laura Cacciaguerra, Elisabetta Pagani, Sharlota Mesaros, Jelena Dackovic, Irena Dujmovic-Basuroski, Jelena Drulovic, Paola Valsasina, Massimo Filippi and Maria Assunta Rocca in Multiple Sclerosis Journal</p

MSJ787347_supplementary_MRI_details – Supplemental material for Dynamic volumetric changes of hippocampal subfields in clinically isolated syndrome patients: A 2-year MRI study

<p>Supplemental material, MSJ787347_supplementary_MRI_details for Dynamic volumetric changes of hippocampal subfields in clinically isolated syndrome patients: A 2-year MRI study by Laura Cacciaguerra, Elisabetta Pagani, Sharlota Mesaros, Jelena Dackovic, Irena Dujmovic-Basuroski, Jelena Drulovic, Paola Valsasina, Massimo Filippi and Maria Assunta Rocca in Multiple Sclerosis Journal</p

A diffusion tensor MRI study of patients with MCI and AD with a 2-year clinical follow-up

Objective The authors assessed whether brain changes detected by diffusion tensor (DT) MRI can improve the understanding of structural damage in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are associated with different risks of conversion to AD in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Methods Twenty-one aMCI patients, 21 AD patients and 20 healthy subjects underwent conventional and DT MRI at baseline. All subjects were clinically followed up over 2 years; at the end of follow-up, aMCI were grouped into converters to AD (aMCI-C) and non-converters (aMCI-NC). The mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) were obtained from total grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM), and from several GM and WM regions of interest (ROIs). On T1-weighted images, normalised volumes of the whole brain (NBV), GM (NGMV) and WM were measured. Results A significant ‘trend’ of worsening with a trajectory ‘normal/aMCI/AD’ was found for NBV and NGMV, total GM and WM MD, total WM FA, as well as for diffusivity abnormalities in several GM and WM ROIs, mainly located in posterior brain regions. aMCI-C had GM and WM changes similar to those seen in AD, whereas aMCI-NC showed a DT MRI pattern similar to that of healthy subjects. DT MRI metrics that better distinguished aMCI-C from aMCI-NC were MD of total GM and WM, hippocampi, anterior insulae, frontal and parietal WM, occipital GM and WM, and FA of temporal WM. Volumetric variables were not able to distinguish the two aMCI subgroups (aMCI-C and aMCI-NC). Conclusions Subtle brain diffusivity changes occur from the prodromal stages of AD, mainly in posterior brain regions, and spread over the course of the disease to involve the frontal lobe. In aMCI, the severity of microstructural damage within and beyond the medial temporal lobe is associated with an increased short-term risk to develop AD

MSJ771838_Supplemental_methods – Supplemental material for Hippocampal-related memory network in multiple sclerosis: A structural connectivity analysis

<p>Supplemental material, MSJ771838_Supplemental_methods for Hippocampal-related memory network in multiple sclerosis: A structural connectivity analysis by Sara Llufriu, Maria A Rocca, Elisabetta Pagani, Gianna C Riccitelli, Elisabeth Solana, Bruno Colombo, Mariaemma Rodegher, Andrea Falini, Giancarlo Comi and Massimo Filippi in Multiple Sclerosis Journal</p