Dynamiques spatiales de la Cité scientifique Paris sud : innovation, compétitivité, territoire. De l'atome au photon, ou d'une dynamique de "complexe militaro-industriel et nucléaire" vers une dynamique de "cluster

L'histoire de la constitution de la technopole Île-de-France sud, l'organisation du système d'innovation francilien, sont rappelés dans ce rapport qui est centré sur l'émergence et le fonctionnement d'un nouveau pôle dans une région métropolitaine, le pôle optronique de l'Île-de-France sud ; l'analyse de ces processus peut relever de trois types d'approches : une approche de type industriel, une approche de type urbain et une approche de type territorial. Si les trois approches ont chacune leur pertinence, la première s'en tient essentiellement aux facteurs génériques de localisation et d'organisation industrielle, tandis que la seconde voit dans la grande ville un contexte général favorisant l'innovation. La troisième enfin permet de préciser plus finement de quels territoires est constituée la métropole et si des logiques territoriales d'innovation apparaissent en certains d'entre eux. C'est cette dernière approche en termes de constitution de réseaux d'innovation, d'émergence de logiques d'apprentissage et de création d'une identité collective au sein du " micro-milieu innovateur " de l'optique qui est développée dans ce rapportterritoire;économie urbaine;innovation;optique, Ile-de-France;Ile-de-France sud;Cité scientifique Paris sud; Paris;dynamique

Euler buckling and nonlinear kinking of double-stranded DNA

The bending stiffness of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) at high curvatures is fundamental to its biological activity, yet this regime has been difficult to probe experimentally, and literature results have not been consistent. We created a ‘molecular vise’ in which base-pairing interactions generated a compressive force on sub-persistence length segments of dsDNA. Short dsDNA strands (<41 base pairs) resisted this force and remained straight; longer strands became bent, a phenomenon called ‘Euler buckling’. We monitored the buckling transition via Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) between appended fluorophores. For low-to-moderate concentrations of monovalent salt (up to ∼150 mM), our results are in quantitative agreement with the worm-like chain (WLC) model of DNA elasticity, without the need to invoke any ‘kinked’ states. Greater concentrations of monovalent salts or 1 mM Mg2+ induced an apparent softening of the dsDNA, which was best accounted for by a kink in the region of highest curvature. We tested the effects of all single-nucleotide mismatches on the DNA bending. Remarkably, the propensity to kink correlated with the thermodynamic destabilization of the mismatched DNA relative the perfectly complementary strand, suggesting that the kinked state is locally melted. The molecular vise is exquisitely sensitive to the sequence-dependent linear and nonlinear elastic properties of dsDNA

Time spent on clerkship activities by students in relation to their perceptions of learning environment quality

Context Students' perceptions of their learning environment are of great importance to their learning process. In this study we assessed the time allocated by students to clerkship activities and the relationship between students' allocations of time and their perceptions of the quality of their clinical learning environment. Methods Participants were 133 undergraduate students from eight hospitals taking part in four clerkship rotations. All students recorded the time they spent on eight clerkship activities over 2 weeks and completed the Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure (PHEEM). Partial correlation analyses were undertaken to examine the relationship between the amount of time students spent on each activity and their PHEEM scores. Results Students spent nearly 8 hours a day on clerkship activities. Most time was spent on observing doctors (40%), followed by participating in consultations without direct supervision (12%). The time students spent on observing doctors (r = 0.206, P <0.05) and in consultations without direct supervision (r = 0.211, P <0.05) was significantly related to the students' PHEEM scores. There was a significant relationship at the P <0.10 level between the time spent on directly supervised activities and students' PHEEM scores (r = 0.165, P <0.10). Conclusions The results suggest that the time spent on activities involving direct patient contact is positively related to students' perceptions of the quality of their learning environment. None of the activities were significantly negatively related to the students' perceptions of their clinical learning environment. Future research should examine the optimal time allocations required to enhance the perceived quality of the clinical learning environment

Demokratie, Recht und soziale Kontrolle im klassischen Athen

Die im vorliegenden Band dokumentierte Tagung hatte es sich zum Zielgesetzt, eine genauso internationale wie interdisziplinäreForschergruppe zum Thema Soziale Kontrolle zu befragen.Wenngleich mit Athen und Rom die antike mediterrane Welt im Vordergrundstand, war der kulturelle und historische Bezugsrahmen großzügigbemessen, so dass aktuelle theoretische Modelle, begriffsgeschichtlicheDiskurse und komparative Perspektiven Eingang finden konnten. DieAutor(inn)en nutzten die ganze Bandbreite der Untersuchungsfelder undspürten Formen sozialer Kontrolle in Glaube und Aberglaube, ingesellschaftlichen und sozialen Ge- und Verboten, inFamilientraditionen, geschlechtsspezifischen Rollenverständnissen,wirtschaftlichen Netzwerken und nicht zuletzt in politischenInteraktionen auf. Im Ergebnis waren sich alle Forscher(innen) einig:Soziale Kontrolle wird in Staat und Gesellschaft ständig neu erfunden,sie ist nicht starr und endgültig, sondern wandelbar undanpassungsfähig