”Det är omöjligt att vara en omärkbar turist, men vi uppskattar att du försöker” - en etnologisk studie om hur en turistupplevelse på Svalbard konstrueras

Within this research project I aim to get a better understanding of how a tourist experience is constructed in an arena like Svalbard where there is a lot of different interests from different actors. By analysing travel forum discussions about Svalbard as a destination and complement them with my diary notes from the field trip to Svalbard, I come to the conclusion that the mindscape of tourists of Svalbard is focused on wilderness, polar bears and the climate change in chapter 2. Those characteristics of a perfect Svalbard experience also turn the tourist into a adventurer more then a simple visitor. In chapter 3 I give examples from my own experiences in Svalbard and how my mindscape was contradicted several times because of other interests. We understand how both Sysselmannen (Norway) and the Russian Embassy have interests in claiming Svalbard by showing activity and this is why so different interests have to work side by side. This explains how the contradictions I saw were a failure in finding dialogue between two actors on Svalbard having too different interests. In chapter 4 I try to give a bigger understanding of how Sysselmannens manage those conflicts in interests and how they try to meet up with the tourists expectations at the same time as the try to protect and legitimize the cultural heritages, the coal mining and the wilderness. By giving the tourist education on how to respect Svalbard and give restrictions on how to behave, Sysselmannen try to direct the tourist in a way to work parallel with other actors. These attempts are made to make everyone satisfied and make the tourist upgrade to become more of a co- protector of Svalbard

Behavioral studies in healthy Standardbred trotters subjected to short term forced recumbency aiming at an adjunctive treatment in an acute attack of laminitis

Laminitis is a debilitating disease causing much suffering to horses and ponies all over the world. It is manifested in the hooves as a mechanical failure of the suspensory apparatus between the hoof capsule and the distal phalanx. Due to the weight of the horse the disease may result in a dislocation of third phalanx. Six healthy standardbred trotters were used in this study on whether standardbreds tolerate forced recumbency as well as Shetland ponies. Recumbency was induced pharmacologically but maintained only by lowering the ceiling height of the box to a height of approximately 125 – 140 % of the horse´s thoracic height. Behavior and bodily functions were observed and recorded during and after the study periods of up to two days. Blood was sampled for serum analyses of CK and ASAT to detect muscle tissue damage. The results of this study indicate that the increased body weight of Standardbred Trotters when compared to Shetland ponies does not have a negative effect on bodily functions during a limited period of recumbency. All horses accepted the treatment well and no adverse effects were seen during or after the study.Fång är en vanlig sjukdom som ofta medför ett stort lidande för den drabbade hästen och inte sällan resulterar i att individens framtida användbarhet påverkas radikalt eller att hästen behöver avlivas av djurskyddsskäl. Sjukdomen medför en hållfasthet – belastningsproblematik i det att det vävnadslager, lamellagret, som binder ihop hovväggen med hovbenet av någon anledning blir försvagat så att det inte längre klarar av att bära hästens vikt. Detta resulterar i att vävnaden slits sönder och hovbenet, som bär hästens vikt, sjunker/roterar ner mot marken. Det har föreslagits att hästar som inte bär vikt på sina hovar under det akuta skedet kan undvika en lägesförändring av hovbenet och därigenom få en betydligt bättre prognos för tillfrisknad. I denna studie undersöktes om friska varmblodiga travhästar, psykiskt och fysiskt, klarar att ligga i en välhalmad box med sänkt tak i upp till 2 dygn. De 6 hästarna lades omkull med hjälp av dissociativ anestesi och därefter sänktes taket ner till 125 – 140 % av respektive hästs bröstkorgshöjd. Beteende och kroppsfunktioner studerades kontinuerligt. För bedömning av muskelpåverkan togs blodprov innan hästen gick in i boxen, direkt efter det att den rest sig upp och 1-2 dagar efter boxvistelsen och blodserumets nivåer muskelenzymerna CK och ASAT analyserades. I överensstämmelse med resultaten i en tidigare studie, som utfördes på shetlandsponnier, bedömdes travhästarnas kroppsfunktioner inte påverkas negativt av att de hålls liggande under en begränsad tidsperiod. Alla försökshästarna accepterade behandlingen väl och inga allvarliga komplikationer uppstod under eller efter försöksperioderna

Time-dependent climate impact of beef production - can carbon sequestration in soil offset enteric methane emissions?

The time-dependent climate impact of beef production, including changes in soil organic carbon, was examined in this study. A hypothetical suckler cow system located in south-east Sweden was analysed using a time dependent life cycle assessment method in which yearly fluxes of greenhouse gases were considered and the climate impact in terms of temperature response over time was calculated. The climate impact expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents, i.e. global warming potential in a 100-year time perspective, was also calculated. The Introductory Carbon Balance Model was used for modelling yearly soil organic carbon changes from land use. The results showed an average carbon sequestration rate of 0.2 Mg C ha(-1) and yr(-1), so carbon sequestration could potentially counteract 15-22% of emissions arising from beef production (enteric fermentation, feed production and manure management), depending on system boundaries and production intensity. The temperature response, which showed a high initial increase due to methane emissions from enteric fermentation, started to level off after around 50 years due to the short atmospheric lifetime of methane. However, sustained production and associated methane emissions would maintain the temperature response and contribute to climate damage. A forage-grain beef system resulted in a lower climate impact than a forage-only beef system (due to higher slaughter age), even though more carbon was sequestered in the forage-only system

Nu kör vi! Det engagemangsskapande ledarskapet inom volontärskap

Med en teoretisk utgångspunkt i engagemang, volontärskap och ledarskap - mer specifikt transformativt ledarskap - har uppsatsen som syfte att undersöka och analysera hur ledningen i en organisation som bygger på frivillig arbetskraft skapar och bibehåller engagemang. Vi vill även undersöka hur ledarskapet fungerar i en organisation som präglas av en stor omsättning på människor, samt där en person i ledningen har positionen som mest under ett år. Hur arbetar ledaren i en organisation med engagemang om långsiktighet är någonting som i grunden är bortbyggd? Frågeställningarna uppsatsen utgått från är: Hur skapar och utvecklar ledarna i en volontärorganisation engagemang? samt “På vilka sätt påverkas möjligheten att skapa engagemang genom ledarskap i volontärorganisationer, då hög omsättning av både medlemmar och ledare råder?” Empiri har inhämtats genom kvalitativa intervjuer med medlemmar i ledningen av studentorganisationer i Lunds studentliv. Slutsatser vi kunnat dra i analysen av det empiriska materialet är att det inte är organisationerna för sig själva som leder till engagemang, utan det är själva studentlivet i Lund som skapar engagemang från början. Det krävs ett eget initialt engagemang från en person för att den ska ta sig in i organisationens gemenskap och bli synlig för ledaren, som därefter bibehåller, förlänger eller förhöjer engagemanget. Vår analys menar även att ledarskapet påverkas genom att det inte är alla aktiva som nås av ledarskapet på grund av den höga omsättningen på aktiva människor. Exempelvis för att få möjlighet till inflytande i organisationen - som tidigare forskning visat att det leder till högre engagemang - krävs först en relation till ledningen. Gällande det transformativa ledarskapet menar vi även att det i positioner med kort tidslängd är svårt att arbeta efter en långsiktig vision och samtidigt behålla engagemanget. Inom organisationerna är ledarskap inte något som diskuteras utan ses som något underförstått eller något en person bör lära sig själv

Antimicrobial Resistance in Vaginal Bacteria in Inseminated Mares

Antimicrobials are added to semen extenders to inhibit the growth of bacteria that are transferred to the semen during collection. However, this non-therapeutic use of antimicrobials could contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to determine changes in the antibiotic susceptibility of vaginal microbiota after artificial insemination. Swabs were taken from the vagina of 26 mares immediately before artificial insemination and again 3 days later. Bacteria isolated from the vagina at both time points were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. In total, 32 bacterial species were identified. There were increases in the resistance of Escherichia coli to trimethoprim (p = 0.0006), chloramphenicol and (p = 0.012) tetracycline (p = 0.03) between day 0 and day 3. However, there was no significant effect of exposure to antibiotics in semen extenders with respect to the resistance of Staphylococcus simulans and Streptococcus equisimilis (p > 0.05). Whole-genome sequencing indicated that most phenotypic resistance was associated with genes for resistance. These results indicate that the resistance patterns of vaginal bacteria may be affected by exposure to antibiotics; therefore, it would be prudent to minimize, or preferably, avoid using antibiotics in semen extenders

Benchmarking the Swedish Diet Relative to Global and National Environmental Targets-Identification of Indicator Limitations and Data Gaps

To reduce environmental burdens from the food system, a shift towards environmentally sustainable diets is needed. In this study, the environmental impacts of the Swedish diet were benchmarked relative to global environmental boundaries suggested by the EAT-Lancet Commission. To identify local environmental concerns not captured by the global boundaries, relationships between the global EAT-Lancet variables and the national Swedish Environmental Objectives (SEOs) were analysed and additional indicators for missing aspects were identified. The results showed that the environmental impacts caused by the average Swedish diet exceeded the global boundaries for greenhouse gas emissions, cropland use and application of nutrients by two- to more than four-fold when the boundaries were scaled to per capita level. With regard to biodiversity, the impacts caused by the Swedish diet transgressed the boundary by six-fold. For freshwater use, the diet performed well within the boundary. Comparison of global and local indicators revealed that the EAT-Lancet variables covered many aspects included in the SEOs, but that these global indicators are not always of sufficiently fine resolution to capture local aspects of environmental sustainability, such as eutrophication impacts. To consider aspects and impact categories included in the SEO but not currently covered by the EAT-Lancet variables, such as chemical pollution and acidification, additional indicators and boundaries are needed. This requires better inventory data on e.g., pesticide use and improved traceability for imported foods

Life-Cycle Assessment and Costing of Fuels and Propulsion Systems in Future Fossil-Free Shipping

Future ships need to operate with low or possibly zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while ensuring low influence on other environmental impacts and that the operation is economically feasible. This study conducts a life-cycle evaluation of potential decarbonization solutions involving selected energy carriers (electrolytic hydrogen, electro-ammonia, electro-methanol, and electricity) in different propulsion system setups (engines, fuel cells, and carbon capture technologies) in terms of environmental impact and costs. The results of the study show that the assessed decarbonization options are promising measures to reduce maritime GHG emissions with low-carbon-intensive electricity. The same order of GHG reduction is shown to be possible independent of the propulsion system and energy carrier used onboard, However, the carbon abatement cost ranges from 300 to 550 (sic)/tCO(2)eq, and there is a trade-off with environmental impacts such as human toxicity (cancer and non-cancer effects) and freshwater ecotoxicity mainly linked with the wind infrastructure used for electricity production, Electro-ammonia in fuel cells is indicated to be effective in terms of the carbon abatement cost followed by the so-called HyMethShip concept. The higher abatement cost of all options compared to current options indicates that major incentives and policy measures are required to promote the introduction of alternative fuel and propulsion systems

Diagnostic, regenerative or fossil-free- exploring stakeholder perceptions of Swedish food system sustainability

In an analysis of food system sustainability challenges and solutions among Swedish food system actors using Q -methodology, five perspectives were identified. One of the main three perspectives placed the highest priority on reduced meat consumption, food waste, and climate impact in agriculture, but downplayed strategies highlighted in the national food strategy and social aspects, and can be interpreted as a diagnostic climate mitigation-oriented perspective that does not reflect current negotiated policy processes or 'softer' values of food. In an alternative regenerative perspective, industrialized large-scale farming and lack of internalization of external costs were regarded as the main problems, and diversity, soil health, and organic farming as the main solutions. Proponents of a third perspective regarded phasing out fossil fuels, increased profitability of companies, increased meat production, and self-sufficiency as high priorities. These contrasting views can be a major barrier to transforming the Swedish food system. However, a number of entry points for change (i.e. aspects highly important for some and neutral for others) were identified, including focusing on healthy diets and increased production of fruit and vegetables. Focusing on these can build trust among stakeholders before moving to discussions about the larger and more sensitive systemic changes needed

An indicator framework to guide food system sustainability transition - The case of Sweden

Well-aligned food policies are needed at both national and international level to guide food system transformation towards sustainability. Rigorous indicator frameworks are essential in order to facilitate discussion of priorities, enable comparisons, assessment and progress monitoring, and ensure accountability. In this study, we develop a national framework for a sustainable food system, using Sweden as a case. Our framework, the Food System Sustainability House, advances the literature on sustainable food system frameworks in three distinct ways. Firstly, it is tailored to a specific national context (Sweden in our case); secondly, it distinguishes between impacts of domestic production arising within territorial boundaries and impacts related to Swedish consumption independent of country of origin; and thirdly, to facilitate policy priorities, it suggests how different dimensions of sustainability are interlinked at a conceptual level. From a scientific perspective, the Food System Sustainability House postulates the interlinkages between the societal objectives of the food system, the environmental foundations on which production takes place, and the economic system and governance which in the framework are suggested to function as enablers for an overall sustainable system. From a policy perspective, the framework provides a much-needed basis for assessing food system sustainability by suggesting indicators within a comprehensive set of sustainability themes at national level for monitoring distinct perspectives. It also provides the necessary basis for a discussion on how sustainability dimensions are interlinked