Vlianie na mancozeba vurhu reprodukciata na dugova pusturva (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.) i natrupvane na negovia kancerogenen metabolit etilen tiourea v ribnite produkti

Pesticides can be taken up from the water and accumulated in tissues of hydrobionts, often becoming multiplied thousands of times higher in the organism than in the surrounding water. The dithiocarbamate mancozeb is applied in plant protection as fungicide. In recent years the amount of mancozeb used in Europe significantly increased. It is carcinogen due to its metabolite - ethylene thiourea (ETU), which causes thyroid and pituitary tumors. The purpose of this study is to determinate the quantity of ethylene thiourea in products of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.), reared in environment containing permissible, according to the European law, amount of mancozeb. Seeking an answer to the question: is this concentration limit really safe for the reproduction of rainbow trout and can the more toxic metabolite - ETU, be accumulated in the fish eggs and fillet and afterwards make them harmful to the consumers? The study included 3 stages: feeding, analysis of ethylene thiourea in fish eggs and fillet by a new developed and validated HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) method and study of the reproductive indicators. The assays of ETU in all analyzed samples (fish and water) were below the limit of quantification of the method, 0.05 mg*l-1, so fish do not accumulate the carcinogen degradation product of mancozeb and the maximum residue level of mancozeb is really safe for the humans as consumers. But these environmental conditions caused reproductive disorders. They can be partly compensated by using sperm activation medium for artificial insemination of trout eggs, but successful fertilization does not guarantee successful hatching, especially of eggs in trout farms with presence of mancozeb in water, even in allowable concentration. The presented results confirm previous investigation, that Salmonidae are very sensitive fish species, react to the lowest deviations in concentration levels of xenobiotics and are used for indicator of non-polluted water.Pesticidite, popadnali vuv vodoemite, mogat da se poemat ot obitavashtite gi hidrobionti. Te sa v systoqnie da gi natrupat v svoite tukani i tiahnata koncetracia da se uvelichi, dori hiliadi puti, sravnena s tazi vuv vodata. Ditiokarbamatut mancozeb se prilaga v rastitelnata zashtita kato fungicide. Prez poslednite godini negovoto izpolzvano v Evropa kolichestvo znachitelno narasna. Kancerogennostta na mancozeba se dulji na metabolita mu, etilen tiourea (ETU), koiato prichiniava tumori na shtitovidnata jleza i hipofizata. Celta na tova izsledvane e da se opredeli sudurjanieto na etilen tiourea v produkti ot dugova pusturva (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.), otglejdana v sreda, sudurjashta dopustimo, suglasno evropejskoto zakonodatelstvo, kolichestvo mancozeb. Tursen e otgovor na vuprosa: tazi dopustima koncentracia naistina li e bezopasna za reprodukciata na dugovata pusturva i moje li da bude natrupan po-toksichniat metabolit - ETU, v haivera i fileto, koeto da gi napravi vredni za potrebitelite? Tova prouchvane vklyuchva 3 etapa: hranene, analiz na etilen tiourea v haiver i ribno file chrez novo razraboten i validiran HPLC (visokoefektivna techna khromatografia) metod i izsledvane na reproduktivnite indikatori. Kolichestvoto na ETU vuv vsichki analizirani probi (riba i voda) pokazaha sudurvanie pod granicata na kolichestveno opredeliane na metoda, 0.05 mg*l-1; ribata ne natrupva kancerogennia product na razgrajdane na mancozeba i maksimalno dopustimata mu koncentracia e naistina bezopasna za potrebitelite. Tezi uslovia na okolnata sreda obache prichiniavat reproduktivni razstroistva. Te mogat da budat chastichno kompensirani chrez izpolzvane na spermo-aktivacionna sreda za iskustveno osemeniavane na haiver ot pusturva. No uspeshnoto oplojdane ne garantira uspeshnoto izlyupvane, osobeno na haiver v pusturvovi stopanstva s nalichie na macozeb vuv vodata, dori v dopustimata koncentracia

Content of Pb and Zn in Sediments and Hydrobionts as Ecological Markers for Pollution Assessment of Freshwater Objects in Bulgaria—A Review

The purpose of this review is to describe the contents of Pb and Zn in sediments and hydrobionts as ecological markers for the pollution assessment of freshwater objects in Bulgaria, and the data are compared with other countries and regions. Symmetry was found regarding the levels of Zn in the sediment of the Ovcharitsa and Zhrebchevo dams, which were twice the MAC for arable land (Regulation № 3 of Bulgarian legislation). Symmetry was also observed between the results for Zn and Pb in the studied sediments, and the “favorites” in terms of content were the samples from Zhrebchevo Dam and, especially, from Ovcharitsa Dam. Asymmetry was established in the accumulation of Zn in the livers of carps inhabiting Topolnitsa Dam in comparison with these in Ovcharitsa Dam. A similar asymmetry was observed for lead. The analysis of the muscles and livers of the studied fish showed an asymmetry in the accumulation of zinc, and this process was more intense in the liver. Symmetry was found in the accumulation of Pb in the liver and muscle tissues of the carp from the studied water bodies

Accumulation of Astaxanthin and Canthaxanthin in Liver and Gonads of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)) Reared in Water Containing the Fungicide Mancozeb in Concentration Level Permitted by European Legislation

In this study, we studied the levels of both of the main pigments in Salmonidae—astaxanthin (Ax) and canthaxanthin (Cx)—accumulated in the liver, female gonads, and male gonads of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared in water containing the fungicide mancozeb (MZ) in concentration levels permitted by European legislation. Experimental fish were divided into three groups: the first was a control group, the second was fed with market feed (containing Ax and Cx), and the third was fed with market feed (containing Ax and Cx) and reared in environmental water containing permissible MZ levels. The diet preparation followed the manufacturer’s recommendations. The accumulated pigment quantities were measured using an HPLC-PDA method after selective extraction: Ax ranged from 2.490 ± 0.247 mg/kg (female gonads, second group) to 0.176 ± 0.007 mg/kg (liver, control group), and Cx—from 2.406 ± 0.166 mg/kg (female gonads, second group) to 0.103 ± 0.010 mg/kg (liver, control group). The pattern of the accumulation of both pigments in the three organs in the specimens of the three groups was sustainable: the amount of Ax was always greater than that of Cx, and the correlation between their concentrations was very high. The pigments were accumulated most intensively in the female gonads, followed by the male gonads and the liver. This trend was confirmed for all three experimental groups. However, the differences in the last third group were very small, and the levels of the xanthophylls accumulated were the lowest. A particular cause of the latter findings was the ongoing detoxification reactions and the disposal of MZ, in which Ax and Cx were involved as antioxidants

Accumulation of Astaxanthin and Canthaxanthin in Liver and Gonads of Rainbow Trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i> (Walbaum, 1792)) Reared in Water Containing the Fungicide Mancozeb in Concentration Level Permitted by European Legislation

In this study, we studied the levels of both of the main pigments in Salmonidae—astaxanthin (Ax) and canthaxanthin (Cx)—accumulated in the liver, female gonads, and male gonads of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared in water containing the fungicide mancozeb (MZ) in concentration levels permitted by European legislation. Experimental fish were divided into three groups: the first was a control group, the second was fed with market feed (containing Ax and Cx), and the third was fed with market feed (containing Ax and Cx) and reared in environmental water containing permissible MZ levels. The diet preparation followed the manufacturer’s recommendations. The accumulated pigment quantities were measured using an HPLC-PDA method after selective extraction: Ax ranged from 2.490 ± 0.247 mg/kg (female gonads, second group) to 0.176 ± 0.007 mg/kg (liver, control group), and Cx—from 2.406 ± 0.166 mg/kg (female gonads, second group) to 0.103 ± 0.010 mg/kg (liver, control group). The pattern of the accumulation of both pigments in the three organs in the specimens of the three groups was sustainable: the amount of Ax was always greater than that of Cx, and the correlation between their concentrations was very high. The pigments were accumulated most intensively in the female gonads, followed by the male gonads and the liver. This trend was confirmed for all three experimental groups. However, the differences in the last third group were very small, and the levels of the xanthophylls accumulated were the lowest. A particular cause of the latter findings was the ongoing detoxification reactions and the disposal of MZ, in which Ax and Cx were involved as antioxidants

Proceedings: 2nd International Conference on Food and Agricultural Economics: DRY MATTER CONTENT AND ORGANIC ACIDS IN TOMATOES, GREENHOUSE GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT MANURING AND IRRIGATION MODES

The experimental work was carried out during the period 2016-2017 in Bulgaria. Subject of research are tomato Vitelio cultivar, greenhouse grown at three levels of manuring and different irrigation regimes. The purpose of this study is to research the effect of applying three manuring schemes on irrigation with an optimal irrigation regime (M) and a controlled water deficit, with 75% and 50% of the irrigation rate being applied to dry matter and organic acids. From the presented distributions of the tested quality parameters of greenhouse tomatoes, it can be seen that the dry matter and titrimetric organic acids ratios are close to normal, and for the ascorbic acid indicator there are larger variations in the base values. The data is eligible for the sampling representatively requirements. Significant levels of p <0.05 were obtained for the three researched indicators, i. E. the results of multi-variate dispersion analysis could be used in order to develop strategies for irrigation and manuring of tomatoes to reduce environmental risk. Considering the quality indicator: ascorbic acid a decrease in the quantities has been registered with an increase in the manuring norms. The analysis of the results found that when increasing fertilizer levels, the content of ascorbic acid decreased, i.e., there is an increase in the cost of tomato production and a decrease in the quality of tomatoes

Reproduction impact of mancozeb on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.) and accumulation of its carcinogen metabolite, ethylene thiourea in fish products

Pesticides can be taken up from the water and accumulated in tissues of hydrobionts, often becoming multiplied thousands of times higher in the organism than in the surrounding water. The dithiocarbamate mancozeb is applied in plant protection as fungicide. In recent years the amount of mancozeb used in Europe significantly increased. It is carcinogen due to its metabolite - ethylene thiourea (ETU), which causes thyroid and pituitary tumors. The purpose of this study is to determinate the quantity of ethylene thiourea in products of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.), reared in environment containing permissible, according to the European law, amount of mancozeb. Seeking an answer to the question: is this concentration limit really safe for the reproduction of rainbow trout and can the more toxic metabolite - ETU, be accumulated in the fish eggs and fillet and afterwards make them harmful to the consumers? The study included 3 stages: feeding, analysis of ethylene thiourea in fish eggs and fillet by a new developed and validated HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) method and study of the reproductive indicators. The assays of ETU in all analyzed samples (fish and water) were below the limit of quantification of the method, 0.05 mg*l-1, so fish do not accumulate the carcinogen degradation product of mancozeb and the maximum residue level of mancozeb is really safe for the humans as consumers. But these environmental conditions caused reproductive disorders. They can be partly compensated by using sperm activation medium for artificial insemination of trout eggs, but successful fertilization does not guarantee successful hatching, especially of eggs in trout farms with presence of mancozeb in water, even in allowable concentration. The presented results confirm previous investigation, that Salmonidae are very sensitive fish species, react to the lowest deviations in concentration levels of xenobiotics and are used for indicator of non-polluted water.Pesticidite, popadnali vuv vodoemite, mogat da se poemat ot obitavashtite gi hidrobionti. Te sa v systoqnie da gi natrupat v svoite tukani i tiahnata koncetracia da se uvelichi, dori hiliadi puti, sravnena s tazi vuv vodata. Ditiokarbamatut mancozeb se prilaga v rastitelnata zashtita kato fungicide. Prez poslednite godini negovoto izpolzvano v Evropa kolichestvo znachitelno narasna. Kancerogennostta na mancozeba se dulji na metabolita mu, etilen tiourea (ETU), koiato prichiniava tumori na shtitovidnata jleza i hipofizata. Celta na tova izsledvane e da se opredeli sudurjanieto na etilen tiourea v produkti ot dugova pusturva (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.), otglejdana v sreda, sudurjashta dopustimo, suglasno evropejskoto zakonodatelstvo, kolichestvo mancozeb. Tursen e otgovor na vuprosa: tazi dopustima koncentracia naistina li e bezopasna za reprodukciata na dugovata pusturva i moje li da bude natrupan po-toksichniat metabolit - ETU, v haivera i fileto, koeto da gi napravi vredni za potrebitelite? Tova prouchvane vklyuchva 3 etapa: hranene, analiz na etilen tiourea v haiver i ribno file chrez novo razraboten i validiran HPLC (visokoefektivna techna khromatografia) metod i izsledvane na reproduktivnite indikatori. Kolichestvoto na ETU vuv vsichki analizirani probi (riba i voda) pokazaha sudurvanie pod granicata na kolichestveno opredeliane na metoda, 0.05 mg*l-1; ribata ne natrupva kancerogennia product na razgrajdane na mancozeba i maksimalno dopustimata mu koncentracia e naistina bezopasna za potrebitelite. Tezi uslovia na okolnata sreda obache prichiniavat reproduktivni razstroistva. Te mogat da budat chastichno kompensirani chrez izpolzvane na spermo-aktivacionna sreda za iskustveno osemeniavane na haiver ot pusturva. No uspeshnoto oplojdane ne garantira uspeshnoto izlyupvane, osobeno na haiver v pusturvovi stopanstva s nalichie na macozeb vuv vodata, dori v dopustimata koncentracia

The Serum Levels of the Heavy Metals Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb and Progression of COPD—A Preliminary Study

There is evidence in previous studies that high levels of heavy metals may play a key role in the development of COPD due to the induction of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. In this preliminary study, we used atomic absorption spectrophotometry to measure the levels of four heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in blood serum of COPD patients and controls over 2 years. Clinical data on disease progression or absence were collected in patients living in the industrial region of Stara Zagora, Bulgaria. The mean values of Cu in the serum of patients with COPD and the control group were 374.29 ± 15.03 μg/L and 238.55 ± 175.31 μg/L, Zn—2010.435 ± 670.006 μg/L and 1672.78 ± 934.27 μg/L, Cd—0.334 ± 0.0216 μg/L and 0.395 ± 0.110 μg/L and Pb—0.0732 ± 0.009 μg/L and 0.075 ± 0.0153 μg/L. This is probably because these elements are biogenic and are used in the body for its anti-oxidant protection. In fact, it cannot be stated with certainty that elevated levels of Cu and Zn in the environment have a negative impact in COPD patients. There was a trend towards higher levels of the toxicants lead and cadmium in COPD patients compared to the control group of patients. There is a statistically unproven trend toward higher levels of lead and cadmium in COPD patients compared to controls, which to some extent supports our hypothesis that there is a relationship between environmental lead and cadmium levels and the COPD manifested. In COPD patients, a positive correlation was found between BMI and serum Cu levels (r = 0.413, p = 0.005). A higher concentration of serum Cu was found in men with BMI ≥ 30, compared to those with BMI p = 0.019) and lead (r = 0.452; p = 0.004). The correlation of lead and cadmium with PSA also shows that these elements may also be associated with the presence of inflammatory processes. A significant negative correlation exists between Pb in the serum of patients with COPD and their blood hemoglobin (r = −356; p = 0.028). The results of our study suggest that higher doses of the trace elements Cu and Zn do not always have a negative effect in patients with COPD, while the toxicants Pb and Cd may be involved in COPD exacerbation and can be used as prognostic biomarkers for progression. Further studies are warranted to confirm these preliminary results

Detection of Fungal Diseases in Lettuce by VIR-NIR Spectroscopy in Aquaponics

One of the main challenges facing the development of aquaponics is disease control, due on one hand to the fact that plants cannot be treated with chemicals because they can lead to mortality in cultured fish. The aim of this study was to apply the visible–near-infrared spectroscopy and vegetation index approach to test aquaponically cultivated lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) infected with different fungal pathogens (Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, and Alternaria alternata). The lettuces on the third leaf formation were placed in tanks (with dimensions 1 m/0.50 m/0.35 m) filled up with water from the aquaponics system every second day. In this study, we included reference fungal strains Aspergillus niger NBIMCC 3252, Fusarium oxysporum NBIMCC 125, and Alternaria alternata NBIMCC 109. Diffuse reflectance spectra of the leaves of lettuce were measured directly on the plants using a USB4000 spectrometer in the 450–1100 nm wavelength range. In near-infrared spectral range, the reflectance values of infected leaves are lower than those of the control, which indicates that some changes in cell structures occurred as a result of the fungal infection. All three investigated pathogens had a statistically significant effect on leaf water content and water band index. Vegetative indices such as Chlorophyll Absorption in Reflectance Index (CARI), Modified chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index (MCARI), Plant Senescence Reflectance Index (PSRI), Red Edge Index (REI2), Red Edge Index (REI3), and Water band index (WBI) were found to be effective in distinguishing infected plants from healthy ones, with WBI demonstrating the greatest reliability