Does Racial Bias in Size Perception Extend to Women?

Race and gender biases are embedded in society in various forms, and decades of research in social psychology have examined these biases. As demonstrated in previous psychological research, Black people, compared with White people, are subject to automatic negative stereotypes and prejudice (Devine, 1989). Much research has investigated the effect that racial biases have on the lives of individuals. Although prior research on racial bias has often focused on bias across gender lines, there is also a prominent strain of research that argues that intergroup bias is gendered. For example, the outgroup male target hypothesis (Navarrete et al., 2010) predicts that men will be targeted more than women in conflictual intergroup situations, largely because men tend to be more physically aggressive and dominant. This idea is particularly relevant for research that investigates racial bias in perceptions of threat, conflict, and criminality (e.g., Correll et al., 2002, Wilson et al., 2017). However, to focus solely on men in such work would be overly narrow. The present work extends one such line of research to include female targets in a more systematic fashion than has previously been done. Specifically, it will investigate the extent to which racial bias in perceptions of physical size extends to women. The present study’s findings yielded mixed results regarding whether race-based size biases are extended to women in similar ways that they are for men. However, the results indicated interactions between target race, participant gender and participate race that should be considered and investigated in further research

Lower extremity robotic exoskeleton devices for overground ambulation recovery in acquired brain injury—A review

Acquired brain injury (ABI) is a leading cause of ambulation deficits in the United States every year. ABI (stroke, traumatic brain injury and cerebral palsy) results in ambulation deficits with residual gait and balance deviations persisting even after 1 year. Current research is focused on evaluating the effect of robotic exoskeleton devices (RD) for overground gait and balance training. In order to understand the device effectiveness on neuroplasticity, it is important to understand RD effectiveness in the context of both downstream (functional, biomechanical and physiological) and upstream (cortical) metrics. The review identifies gaps in research areas and suggests recommendations for future research. We carefully delineate between the preliminary studies and randomized clinical trials in the interpretation of existing evidence. We present a comprehensive review of the clinical and pre-clinical research that evaluated therapeutic effects of RDs using various domains, diagnosis and stage of recovery