The Violation of Cooperative Principle a Case of Humorous Verbal Cartoon in Kompas

This research is aimed at describing the types of maxim violated in humorous verbal cartoon in Kompas, to find out the type of the maxims that is dominantly violated in it and to find out the causes. The method of research is descriptive qualitative research. The data is analyzed by interpreting the conversations and analyzing them based on the types of the maxim violated. From the data, it was found that the violation of the maxim of quality is 12 (20.33%), the violation of the maxim of quantity is 25 (42.37%), the violation of manner is 15 (25.42%), and the violation of the maxim of relevance is 7 (11.86%). The frequency and the percentage shows that maxim of quantity is the dominant type of maxim which is violated

The Analysis of Process in Selected Speeches of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

One aim of this article is to show many kinds of speeches of process in speech. The example of speech is the speech of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. The purpose of this journal is to find out types of processes, they are; material process, mental process, relational process, behavioral process, verbal process, and existential process. It was found that the types of processes in the five speeches of President Bambang Yudhoyono are 1387 verbs and classified the verb into 868 verbs as Material process (62.58%), 46 verbs as Mental process (3.31%), 130 verbs as Relational process (9.37%), 208 verbs as Behavioral process (15%), 25 verbs as Verbal process (1.80%), and 110 verbs as Existential process (7.94%). From the data, it could be known that the dominant process in the selected speech of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was Material process

A systematic review of the cost and cost effectiveness of using standard oral nutritional supplements in the hospital setting

Background & aims: There is limited information about the economic impact of nutritional support despite its known clinical benefits. This systematic review examined the cost and cost effectiveness of using standard (non-disease specific) oral nutritional supplements (ONS) administered in the hospital setting only. Methods: A systematic literature search of multiple databases, data synthesis and analysis were undertaken according to recommended procedures. Results: Nine publications comprising four full text papers, two abstracts and three reports, one of which contained 11 cost analyses of controlled cohort studies, were identified. Most of these were based on retrospective analyses of randomised controlled trials designed to assess clinically relevant outcomes. The sample sizes of patients with surgical, orthopaedic and medical problems and combinations of these varied from 40 to 1.16 million. Of 14 cost analyses comparing ONS with no ONS (or routine care), 12 favoured the ONS group, and among those with quantitative data (12 studies) the mean cost saving was 12.2%. In a meta-analysis of five abdominal surgical studies in the UK, the mean net cost saving was $746 per patient (se$338; P = 0.027). Cost savings were typically associated with significantly improved outcomes, demonstrated through the following meta-analyses: reduced mortality (Risk ratio 0.650, P < 0.05; N = 5 studies), reduced complications (by 35% of the total; P < 0.001, N = 7 studies) and reduced length of hospital stay (by ~2 days, P < 0.05; N = 5 surgical studies) corresponding to ~13.0% reduction in hospital stay. Two studies also found ONS to be cost effective, one by avoiding development of pressure ulcers and releasing hospital beds, and the other by gaining quality adjusted life years. Conclusion: This review suggests that standard ONS in the hospital setting produce a cost saving and are cost effective. The evidence base could be further strengthened by prospective studies in which the primary outcome measures are economic

A systematic review of the cost and cost effectiveness of using standard oral nutritional supplements in community and care home settings

Background & aims: Despite the clinical benefits of using standard (non-disease specific) oral nutritional supplements (ONS) in the community and care homes, there is uncertainty about their economic consequences. Methods: A systematic review was undertaken according to recommended procedures to assess whether ONS can produce cost savings and cost-effective outcomes. Results: 19 publications with and without a hospital component were identified: 9 full text papers, 9 abstracts, and 1 report with retrospective analyses of 6 randomised controlled trials. From these publications a total of 31 cost and 4 cost-effectiveness analyses were identified. Most were retrospective analyses based on clinical data from randomised controlled trials (RCTs). In 9 studies/economic models involving ONS use for 0.05; 5 studies). In RCTs, ONS accounted for less than 5% of the total costs and the investment in the community produced a cost saving in hospital. Meta-analysis indicated that ONS reduced hospitalisation significantly (16.5%; P < 0.001; 9 comparisons) and mortality non-significantly (Relative risk 0.86 (95% CI, 0.61, 1.22); 8 comparisons). Many clinically relevant outcomes favouring ONS were reported: improved quality of life, reduced infections, reduced minor post-operative complications, reduced falls, and functional limitations. Of the cost-effectiveness analyses involving quality adjusted life years or functional limitations, most favoured the ONS group. The care home studies (4 cost analyses; 2 cost-effectiveness analyses) had differing aims, designs and conclusions. Conclusions: Overall, the reviewed studies, mostly based on retrospective cost analyses, indicate that ONS use in the community produce an overall cost advantage or near neutral balance, often in association with clinically relevant outcomes, suggesting cost effectiveness. There is a need for prospective studies designed to examine primary economic outcomes