Unlocking the potential of big data to support tactical performance analysis in professional soccer: A systematic review

In professional soccer, increasing amounts of data are collected that harness great potential when it comes to analysing tactical behaviour. Unlocking this potential is difficult as big data challenges the data management and analytics methods commonly employed in sports. By joining forces with computer science, solutions to these challenges could be achieved, helping sports science to find new insights, as is happening in other scientific domains. We aim to bring multiple domains together in the context of analysing tactical behaviour in soccer using position tracking data. A systematic literature search for studies employing position tracking data to study tactical behaviour in soccer was conducted in seven electronic databases, resulting in 2338 identified studies and finally the inclusion of 73 papers. Each domain clearly contributes to the analysis of tactical behaviour, albeit in - sometimes radically - different ways. Accordingly, we present a multidisciplinary framework where each domain's contributions to feature construction, modelling and interpretation can be situated. We discuss a set of key challenges concerning the data analytics process, specifically feature construction, spatial and temporal aggregation. Moreover, we discuss how these challenges could be resolved through multidisciplinary collaboration, which is pivotal in unlocking the potential of position tracking data in sports analytics.Algorithms and the Foundations of Software technolog

Secretion of a precursor form of lysosomal alpha-glucosidase from the brush border of human kidney proximal tubule cells

We have shown previously (R.P.J. Oude Elferink, E.M. Brouwer-Kelder, I. Surya, A. Strijland, M. Kroos, A.J.J. Reuser, J.M. Tager, Eur. J. Biochem. 139, 489-495 (1984)) that human urine contains considerable amounts of a precursor form of lysosomal alpha-glucosidase (about 50% of the total alpha-glucosidase activity present). We have now purified alpha-glucosidase from human kidney. Only about 5 to 10% of the total lysosomal alpha-glucosidase present in kidney comprises the precursor form of the enzyme. By means of immunocytochemistry using monoclonal antibodies, the precursor of alpha-glucosidase was detected in the brush border of the proximal tubule cells. Taking into account the amount of precursor alpha-glucosidase excreted daily into the urine and the amount present in the kidneys, we conclude that extensive secretion of precursor alpha-glucosidase occurs from the brush border of the proximal tubules

Immunocytochemical demonstration of the lysosomal enzyme alpha-glucosidase in the brush border of human intestinal epithelial cells

In investigations on the intracellular transport route(s) of lysosomal enzymes in polarized epithelial cells, we used immunocytochemical methods to localize lysosomal alpha-glucosidase in human small-intestinal epithelial cells. Two monoclonal antibodies which can discriminate between different biosynthetic forms of this enzyme were used. One monoclonal antibody, 43D1, which recognizes all forms of the enzyme, showed labeling of the Golgi apparatus, the lysosomes and, unexpectedly, of the brush border of the cells. Multivesicular bodies were free of label. In contrast, monoclonal antibody 43G8, which recognizes all forms except the 110,000 Da precursor of alpha-glucosidase, showed labeling of the lysosomes only. This leads us to conclude that the 110,000 Da precursor form of alpha-glucosidase is present in the Golgi apparatus and the brush border of human small-intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, biochemical experiments show that this precursor copurifies with sucrase, a typical brush-border marker, when a partially purified microvilli fraction is prepared

Biosynthesis and transport of lysosomal alpha-glucosidase in the human colon carcinoma cell-line Caco-2: secretion from the apical surface

The human adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 was used for studies on the biosynthesis and transport of lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase in polarized epithelial cells. Metabolic labelling revealed that in Caco-2 cells alpha-glucosidase is synthesized as a precursor form of 110 x 10(3) Mr. This form is converted into a precursor of slightly higher Mr (112 x 10(3)) by the addition of complex oligosaccharide chains. Via an intermediate form of 95 x 10(3) Mr, this precursor is processed into a mature form of 76 x 10(3) Mr. Combination of metabolic labelling with subcellular fractionation showed that the 112 x 10(3) Mr precursor of alpha-glucosidase is transported to the lysosomes. However, the same form is secreted into the culture medium (20% of newly synthesized enzyme after 4 h of chase). Immunoprecipitation of alpha-glucosidase from culture medium derived from either the apical or basolateral site of radiolabelled Caco-2 cells, showed that 70-80% of the total amount of precursor form present in the medium is secreted from the apical membrane. Measurement of enzyme activities also showed that alpha-glucosidase, unlike other lysosomal enzymes, is mainly secreted via the apical pathway. Furthermore, immunocytochemistry showed the presence of a precursor form of alpha-glucosidase on the apical, but not the basolateral, membrane of the Caco-2 cells. We conclude that alpha-glucosidase is, unlike all other secretory proteins studied so far, secreted preferentially from the apical membrane of Caco-2 cells

Biosynthesis and transport of lysosomal alpha-glucosidase in the human colon carcinoma cell-line Caco-2: secretion from the apical surface

The human adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 was used for studies on the biosynthesis and transport of lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase in polarized epithelial cells. Metabolic labelling revealed that in Caco-2 cells alpha-glucosidase is synthesized as a precursor form of 110 x 10(3) Mr. This form is converted into a precursor of slightly higher Mr (112 x 10(3)) by the addition of complex oligosaccharide chains. Via an intermediate form of 95 x 10(3) Mr, this precursor is processed into a mature form of 76 x 10(3) Mr. Combination of metabolic labelling with subcellular fractionation showed that the 112 x 10(3) Mr precursor of alpha-glucosidase is transported to the lysosomes. However, the same form is secreted into the culture medium (20% of newly synthesized enzyme after 4 h of chase). Immunoprecipitation of alpha-glucosidase from culture medium derived from either the apical or basolateral site of radiolabelled Caco-2 cells, showed that 70-80% of the total amount of precursor form present in the medium is secreted from the apical membrane. Measurement of enzyme activities also showed that alpha-glucosidase, unlike other lysosomal enzymes, is mainly secreted via the apical pathway. Furthermore, immunocytochemistry showed the presence of a precursor form of alpha-glucosidase on the apical, but not the basolateral, membrane of the Caco-2 cells. We conclude that alpha-glucosidase is, unlike all other secretory proteins studied so far, secreted preferentially from the apical membrane of Caco-2 cells

Whole genome SNP discovery and analysis of genetic diversity in Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)

Background The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is an important agricultural species and the second largest contributor to the world’s poultry meat production. Genetic improvement is attributed largely to selective breeding programs that rely on highly heritable phenotypic traits, such as body size and breast muscle development. Commercial breeding with small effective population sizes and epistasis can result in loss of genetic diversity, which in turn can lead to reduced individual fitness and reduced response to selection. The presence of genomic diversity in domestic livestock species therefore, is of great importance and a prerequisite for rapid and accurate genetic improvement of selected breeds in various environments, as well as to facilitate rapid adaptation to potential changes in breeding goals. Genomic selection requires a large number of genetic markers such as e.g. single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) the most abundant source of genetic variation within the genome. Results Alignment of next generation sequencing data of 32 individual turkeys from different populations was used for the discovery of 5.49 million SNPs, which subsequently were used for the analysis of genetic diversity among the different populations. All of the commercial lines branched from a single node relative to the heritage varieties and the South Mexican turkey population. Heterozygosity of all individuals from the different turkey populations ranged from 0.17-2.73 SNPs/Kb, while heterozygosity of populations ranged from 0.73-1.64 SNPs/Kb. The average frequency of heterozygous SNPs in individual turkeys was 1.07 SNPs/Kb. Five genomic regions with very low nucleotide variation were identified in domestic turkeys that showed state of fixation towards alleles different than wild alleles. Conclusion The turkey genome is much less diverse with a relatively low frequency of heterozygous SNPs as compared to other livestock species like chicken and pig. The whole genome SNP discovery study in turkey resulted in the detection of 5.49 million putative SNPs compared to the reference genome. All commercial lines appear to share a common origin. Presence of different alleles/haplotypes in the SM population highlights that specific haplotypes have been selected in the modern domesticated turke