Sense connection as the base of speech formation

The article develops the idea of L. V. Scherba that in the organization of connected speech, along with grammatical relationship it can be used as an independent means of organizing situational-semantic compatibility of the source speech units in the form of “addition”. Highlighting the question of the relation of initial components in the generation and perception of speech involves figuring out what units are reciprocal. In this regard, it is clearly and consistently demarcated the spheres of language and speech as a nationwide arsenal of linguistic means, and individually creative sphere of their usage in speech activities. Attention is paid to minimal speech structures – syntagma, as well as different types of semantic relationships in the structure of syntagma and between their linear increase in the process of speech production: semantic, the addition of meaning, mediated by semantic and associative relationships. On the basis of the postulate about the purpose of the speech to be a means of communication and understanding it is affirmed the idea that semantic relations in reciprocal units and between them can be considered as the main unifying tool of coherent speech

Therapy for memory and attention impairments in young patients

Objective. To study the efficacy and tolerance of tanakan in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment in young patients. Patients and methods. The study enrolled 30 patients whose mean age was 33.5±7.5 years. It used clinical neurological examination; a test for rating general condition, activity, and mood; studies to evaluate aural short-term and verbal short-term memories and to estimate the level of attention using Schulte's tables, and questionnaires for the rating of autonomic disorders and nocturnal sleep quality, those for the patient subjective assessment of treatment efficiency and for the recording of adverse reactions. Results. Tanakan therapy led to the normalized emotional status in the patients, improved nocturnal sleep, and reduced autonomic disorders. There was a tendency towards improvement of all characteristics of attention. Aural and verbal memories became better. Conclusion. Tanakan is an effective and safe drug to treat cognitive impairment at any age

Major Depression: One Brain, One Disease, One Set of Intertwined Processes

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous disease affecting one out of five individuals and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Presently, MDD is considered a multifactorial disease with various causes such as genetic susceptibility, stress, and other pathological processes. Multiple studies allowed the formulation of several theories attempting to describe the development of MDD. However, none of these hypotheses are comprehensive because none of them can explain all cases, mechanisms, and symptoms of MDD. Nevertheless, all of these theories share some common pathways, which lead us to believe that these hypotheses depict several pieces of the same big puzzle. Therefore, in this review, we provide a brief description of these theories and their strengths and weaknesses in an attempt to highlight the common mechanisms and relationships of all major theories of depression and combine them together to present the current overall picture. The analysis of all hypotheses suggests that there is interdependence between all the brain structures and various substances involved in the pathogenesis of MDD, which could be not entirely universal, but can affect all of the brain regions, to one degree or another, depending on the triggering factor, which, in turn, could explain the different subtypes of MDD

Tension headache. Let us get a second look

Introduction. Tension headache (TH) is the most frequent type of headache. The overall amounts of patients’ disadaptation and social and economic damage caused by TH are more significant than ones caused by migraine. TH diagnostics and treatment are a challenge in outpatient conditions. Aim. To analyze in detail pathogenic mechanisms and chronification factors, and to generalize therapeutic approaches to TH treatment. Materials and methods. Materials from Russian and foreign publications for the last 20 years (PubMed, eLIBRARY and others) as well as clinical guidelines on TH diagnostics and treatment were systematized. Results. According to the results of a population study conducted in Russia in 2009–2011, TH prevalence rate was 30.8% over one year. TH is subdivided into infrequent, frequent and chronic headache. Apart from that, episodic and chronic TH with and without “tension” of pericranial muscles determined by palpation are distinguished. The studies conducted in recent years confirmed neurobiological genesis of TH. Peripheral as well as central mechanisms are involved in its genesis. The main risk factors of TH development include inability of psychological and muscular relaxation and insufficient nocturnal sleep. Emotional stress and pose strain are the most frequent predisposing factors. We thoroughly analyzed data of randomized controlled studies of rapid relief of TH symptoms and identified the most frequently used medications among which ketoprofen (Ketonal®) occupies an important place. Chronic or frequent episodic TH is indication for TH prevention therapy prescription. Antidepressants such as amitriptyline are considered the first choice medications for chronic TH treatment, mirtazapine and venlafaxine are of lower effectiveness. The third choice therapy includes other tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants, clomipramine, maprotiline, and mianserine. Effectiveness of muscle relaxant tizanidine use, dosage and duration of its use in TH treatment, possibilities of monotherapy and combination with antidepressants are discussed. Among non-pharmacological treatment methods biofeedback and cognitive behavior therapy are considered the most effective ones. Conclusion. Combination therapy, including non-pharmacological treatment methods along with pharmacotherapy, remains the most effective method of TH treatment

Глубокая доочистка техногенных растворов от ионов никеля (II) модифицированными алюмосиликатами

There studied an adsorption method for purifying technological solutions of nickel (II) ions modified aluminosilicates. The obtained adsorption isotherms. Experimental data were processed using the models of Langmuir, Freundlich, BET and Dubinin-Radushkevich. Defined constants for these equations. It is shown that the adsorption on aluminosilicates modified poly-1-vinylimidazole best describes the model of Freundlich the adsorption on aluminosilicates modified poly-4- vinylpyridine – Langmuir. The model of Dubinin-Radushkevich is used to calculate the free energy of adsorption. For all modified aluminosilicates, the value of free energy of adsorption, indicates an ion exchange mechanism, and fixation the ions of Nickel (II) has a chemical natureИзучен адсорбционный способ очистки техногенных растворов от ионов никеля (II) модифицированными алюмосиликатами. Получены изотермы адсорбции. Экспериментальные данные обработаны с применением моделей Ленгмюра, Фрейндлиха, БЭТ и Дубинина- Радушкевича. Определены константы этих уравнений. Показано, что адсорбцию на алюмосиликатах, модифицированных поли-1-винилимидазолом, наилучшим образом описывает модель адсорбции Фрейндлиха, на алюмосиликатах, модифицированных поли- 4-винилпиридином – Ленгмюра. Модель Дубинина-Радушкевича использована для расчета свободной энергии адсорбции. Для всех модифицированных алюмосиликатов значение свободной энергии адсорбции указывают на ионообменный механизм, а закрепление ионов никеля (II) имеет химическую природ

Analysis of Oxygen and Nitrogen Redistribution at Interfaces of HfO2 with Laminate TiN/TiAl/TiN Electrodes

status: publishe

Inhibition of Oxygen Scavenging by TiN at the TiN/SiO2 Interface by Atomic-Layer-Deposited Al2O3 Protective Interlayer

status: publishe

Involvement of Endocytosis and Alternative Splicing in the Formation of the Pathological Process in the Early Stages of Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the one of most widespread neurodegenerative pathologies. Because of the impossibility of studying the endogenous processes that occur in the brain of patients with PD in the presymptomatic stage, the mechanisms that trigger the disease remain unknown. Thus, the identification of the processes that play an important role in the early stages of the disease in these patients is extremely difficult. In this context, we performed a whole-transcriptome analysis of the peripheral blood of untreated patients with stage 1 PD (Hoehn-Yahr scale). We demonstrated a significant change in the levels of transcripts included in the large groups of processes associated with the functioning of the immune system and cellular transport. Moreover, a significant change in the splicing of genes involved in cellular-transport processes was shown in our study