АНАЛИЗ ГИНЗЕНОЗИДОВ В КОРНЯХ ЖЕНЬШЕНЯ НАСТОЯЩЕГО (PANAX GINSENG), ИНТРОДУЦИРОВАННОГО В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОМ БОТАНИЧЕСКОМ САДУ НАН БЕЛАРУСИ

For the first time, a detailed study of the qualitative and quantitative composition of ginsenosides in the Panax ginseng roots was carried out with the help of high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The plants were introduced into the conditions of the Republic of Belarus at the experimental plot of the Central Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. It was found that in the examined roots, all basic neutral glycosides of ginseng (ginsenosides Rb1, Rc, Rb2/Rb3, Rd, Rf, Rg1 and Re), as well as their malonylated derivatives (malonylginsenosides Rb1, Rc, Rb2/Rb3, Rd, Rg1 and Re) and some “minor” ginsenosides (20-gluco-ginsenoside Rf, notoginsenosides R1 and R2, isomers of malonyl-ginsenosides Rb1 and Rd) are present. The research also showed that different parts of the P. ginseng roots differ significantly in a total content of ginsenosides: for the main root, this parameter was 3.3 % of dry mass, and for the lateral roots – 7.8 % of dry mass.Впервые с помощью высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии, совмещенной с массспектрометрией (ВЭЖХ-МС) проведено подробное изучение качественного и количественного состава гинзенозидов в корнях женьшеня настоящего (P. ginseng C. A. Mey.), интродуцированного в условиях Республики Беларусь (опытный участок ЦБС НАН Беларуси). Установлено, что в изученных корнях присутствуют все основные нейтральные гликозиды женьшеня (гинзенозиды Rb1, Rc, Rb2/Rb3, Rd, Rf, Rg1 и Re), а также их малонилированные производные (малонил-гинзенозиды Rb1, Rc, Rb2/Rb3, Rd, Rg1 и Re) и некоторые «минорные» гинзенозиды (20-глюко-гинзенозид Rf, нотогинзенозиды R1 и R2, изомеры малонил-гинзенозидов Rb1 и Rd). Показано также, что разные части корней P. ginseng существенно отличаются по суммарному содержанию гинзенозидов: для основного корня этот параметр составил 3,3 % от сухой массы, а для боковых корней – 7,8 % от сухой массы

Inferring phylogenetic structure, taxa hybridization, and divergence times within rock voles of subgenus Aschizomys (Cricetidae: Alticola) using quaddRAD sequencing and a cytb dataset

Abstract The subgenus Aschizomys belongs to the genus Alticola (Central Asian mountain vole) and consists of two species: Alticola macrotis and Alticola lemminus. Phylogenetic relationships within the subgenus Aschizomys remain obscure due to limited sampling, an insufficient number of molecular markers used in phylogenetic studies, and paraphyly observed on mitochondrial trees. In this work, to infer reliable phylogenetic relationships and evaluate putative scenarios of ancient hybridization within the subgenus, we applied double‐digest restriction site‐associated DNA paired‐end (quaddRAD) sequencing to 20 DNA samples (20 individuals), including five species of the genus Alticola, and dated the divergence of cytochrome b (cytb) lineages within Aschizomys using a “second calibration” approach. We showed monophyly of the two species on the basis of thousands of nuclear loci and demonstrated traces of introgression also in the nuclear genome. Observed paraphyly in cytb could be explained by an introgression event rather than incomplete lineage sorting. This explanation was confirmed by an analysis of the cytb divergence time. Overall, our results support the hypothesis of extensive migration of the Aschizomys species during the Late Pleistocene, with this migration leading to population divergence and introgression. We expect our article to become a starting point for a series of rigorous studies on the population history of the genus Alticola as a whole

Antifungal Activity of the Dry Biomass of Penicillium chrysogenum F-24-28 and Is Application in Combination with Azoxystrobin for Efficient Crop Protection

The developing resistance of plant pathogenic fungi to commercial fungicides has become a serious problem for efficient plant disease control. The use of antifungal preparations based on living microorganisms or their metabolites represents one of the possible environmentally friendly approaches. However, since a complete rejection of chemical fungicides is impossible, the combining of biopreparations and fungicides may be considered a promising biocontrol approach. Promising strains for the development of antifungal biopreparations include Penicillium fungi producing various biologically active compounds with antimicrobial and antiviral activities. A dry biomass of the P. chrysogenum F-24-28 strain (DMP) obtained from the P. chrysogenum VKPM F-1310 strain by induced mutagenesis possessed a high antifungal efficiency. According to in vitro experiments, supplementation of agarized medium with DMP (7.5–10 g/L) resulted in a significant growth inhibition in several plant pathogenic Fusarium fungi. The combination of DMP with a commercial azoxystrobin-based fungicide resulted in a prolonged growth inhibition in F. oxysporum, F. graminearum and F. culmorum even at fungicide concentrations significantly below the recommended level (0.5–2.5 mg/L or 2.5–12.5 g/ha vs. the recommended 100–275 g/ha). These results demonstrate a possibility to develop an efficient environmentally friendly biopreparation suitable to control crop diseases caused by a wide range of plant pathogens, and to prevent a possible selection and spreading of resistant pathogen strains