Analysis of Effectiveness of Water-Ecological Management under Conditions of Intensive Anthropogenic Loading

Results of an econometric research on the natural water control system in a part of Iset river (the Sverdlovsk region) are produced. A low level of effectiveness of the system during the considered period is demonstrated and basic ways of its perfection are substantiatedWater resources management; anthropogenic load; background pollution; integral performance index of water quality; panel analysis

Economic analysis of environmental management of fishery resources

The results of econometric studies of control of fishery in the waters of the Urals are presented in this article Low efficiency of this system is shown It does not allow fish resources of the region effectively Recommendations for improvement are formulated The advantage of the method used to predict fish productivity demonstratedEnvironmental management; fishery resources; fish capacity; economical environmental disorder; panel data; panel co integration; analysis of causality

Статистический анализ и моделирование изменчивости качества сточных вод в системе производственного водоотведения

This article presents results of the study on economic and statistical justification for improvement of water and environmental management of an industrial enterprise. As a main tool the authors applied - was the method for modeling time series using stationary stochastic processes. The models of the integrated auto-regression and moving average, seasonally adjusted were used as the base. The models of fractionally integrated processes and models of autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity were tested to reflect the long memory in time series of indicators. Analysis of dynamic links was based on vector autoregression model. The authors demonstrated that for all the analyzed indicators of pollution, along with the apparent lack of mid-level trend, there is a considerable variability of values, which manifested in both annual and non-seasonal cyclical and structural changes. The longstanding interrelations between the individual indicators were revealed - for most of them the damping effect of a single excess discharge of any other indicator lasted for at least a year. The article proves sufficiency of the applied econometric tools which have determined the possibility for reliable forecasting the wastewater quality along with optimization of the measures for preventing excessive discharges. Identifying the character of the periodicity of the discharges with account to seasonality, as well as the synergistic effect of contamination indicated the possibility of increasing the efficiency of water treatment process by selecting the optimum costs. The identification of the inertia of the processes of pollution of individual indicators, testified to their possible aggregation from different sources to the necessity of strengthening of control over wastewater discharges for each anthropogenic source and the natural background contamination. Determining the dynamic interrelations between the individual polluters justified a reasonable opportunity to improve the pool cleanability with regard to the structure and duration of those relations.Представлены результаты исследования по решению задачи экономико-статистического обоснования совершенствования водно-экологического менеджмента промышленного предприятия. В качестве основного инструментария в работе использовалась методика моделирования временных рядов с помощью стационарных случайных процессов. Базовыми моделями являлись модели интегрированных процессов авторегрессии и скользящего среднего с учетом сезонности. Для отражения длинной памяти во временных рядах показателей тестировались модели дробно интегрированных процессов, а также модели авторегрессии с условной гетероскедастичностью. Анализ динамических связей производился на основе модели векторной авторегрессии. Обнаружено, что для всех анализируемых показателей загрязнения, наряду с явным отсутствием тренда среднего уровня, имеет место большая вариабельность значений, проявляющаяся как в годовой, так и несезонной цикличности. Выявлены долговременные связи между отдельными показателями, в частности для большинства из них затухание влияния единичного сверхнормативного сброса любого другого показателя длилось не менее года. Продемонстрированная в работе адекватность применяемого эконометрического инструментария определила возможность достоверного прогнозирования качества сточных вод, а также оптимизации превентивных мер по предотвращению сверхнормативных сбросов. Оценка характера периодичности контролируемых показателей с учетом сезонности, синергетического эффекта загрязнения указала на возможность повышения эффективности процесса водоочистки с выбором оптимального режима затрат. Выявление инерционности временных рядов отдельных показателей свидетельствует о возможной агрегации загрязнения из различных источников сбросов и, как следствие, о необходимости усиления контроля над сбросами сточных вод как по каждому антропогенному источнику, так и по фоновому природному загрязнению. Определение динамических связей между отдельными загрязнителями обосновало возможность повышения очищающей способности пруда с учетом структуры и длительности этих связей

Encapsulation of Ciprofloxacin into a Cyclodextrin Polymer Matrix: The Complex Formation with Human Serum Albumin and In Vitro Studies

Here, we propose a drug delivery system for ciprofloxacin (CF) based on cyclodextrin (CD) polymer. We obtained a 3D matrix system with encapsulated drug molecules by crosslinking CF+CD non-covalent complexes with 1.6-hexamethylene isocyanate. The obtained polycarbamide (MAX-system) represents particles (~225 nm in diameter) that demonstrate CF’s sustained release. We investigated how the carrier affects the drug’s interaction with the biological macromolecule human serum albumin (HSA) and CF’s antibacterial properties. Compared to a binary CF–HSA system, CD decreases CF’s binding efficiency to HSA by two times, whereas CF encapsulation in a polymer matrix doubles the Ka value and prevents protein aggregation. The changes in HSA’s secondary structure indicate no alterations in the main mechanism of complex formation between CF and HSA in the presence of both CD-based carriers. CD as well as MAX systems practically do not change CF’s activity against E. coli and B. subtilis, but for MAX systems, prolonged action is realized due to CF’s sustained release. We believe that our findings are important for the further development of new, efficient drug forms

The New Strategy for Studying Drug-Delivery Systems with Prolonged Release: Seven-Day In Vitro Antibacterial Action

The new method of antibacterial-drug-activity investigation in vitro is proposed as a powerful strategy for understanding how carriers affect drug action during long periods (7 days). In this paper, we observed fluoroquinolone moxifloxacin (MF) antibacterial-efficiency in non-covalent complexes, with the sulfobutyl ether derivative of β-cyclodextrin (SCD) and its polymer (SCDpol). We conducted in vitro studies on two Escherichia coli strains that differed in surface morphology. It was found that MF loses its antibacterial action after 3–4 days in liquid media, whereas the inclusion of the drug in SCD led to the increase of MF antibacterial activity by up to 1.4 times within 1–5 days of the experiment. In the case of MF-SCDpol, we observed a 12-fold increase in the MF action, and a tendency to prolonged antibacterial activity. We visualized this phenomenon (the state of bacteria, cell membrane, and surface morphology) during MF and MF-carrier exposure by TEM. SCD and SCDpol did not change the drug’s mechanism of action. Particle adsorption on cells was the crucial factor for determining the observed effects. The proteinaceous fimbriae on the bacteria surface gave a 2-fold increase of the drug carrier adsorption, hence the strains with fimbriae are more preferable for the proposed treatment. Furthermore, the approach to visualize the CD polymer adsorption on bacteria via TEM is suggested. We hope that the proposed comprehensive method will be useful for the studies of drug-delivery systems to uncover long-term antibacterial action

Cyclodextrins and Their Polymers Affect the Lipid Membrane Permeability and Increase Levofloxacin’s Antibacterial Activity In Vitro

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are promising drug carriers that are used in medicine. We chose CDs with different substituents (polar/apolar, charged/neutral) to obtain polymers (CDpols) with different properties. CDpols are urethanes with average Mw of ~120 kDa; they form nanoparticles 100–150 nm in diameter with variable ζ-potential. We studied the interaction of CD and CDpols with model (liposomal) and bacterial membranes. Both types of CD carriers cause an increase in the liposomal membrane permeability, and for polymers, this effect was almost two times stronger. The formation of CD/CDpols complexes with levofloxacin (LV) enhances LV’s antibacterial action 2-fold in vitro on five bacterial strains. The most pronounced effect was determined for LV-CD complexes. LV-CDs and LV-CDpols adsorb on bacteria, and cell morphology influences this process dramatically. According to TEM studies, the rough surface and proteinaceous fimbria of Gram-negative E. coli facilitate the adsorption of CD particles, whereas the smooth surface of Gram-positive bacteria impedes it. In comparison with LV-CDs, LV-CDpols are adsorbed 15% more effectively by E. coli, 2.3-fold better by lactobacilli and 5-fold better in the case of B. subtilis. CDs and CDpols are not toxic for bacterial cells, but may cause mild defects that, in addition to LV-CD carrier adsorption, improve LV’s antibacterial properties