Barriers to psychological help-seeking in young men who have attempted suicide : an interpretative phenomenological analysis

The current paper reviews literature on help-seeking in relation to suicide and attempted suicide. An overview of the extensive research into risk factors associated with suicide is given highlighting the link between mental health problems and suicide. A minority of people with mental health problems seek professional help and even fewer people will go on to receive help from specialist mental health services. The same pattern is seen in those at risk of suicide. The majority will not be receiving specialist support at the time of their death although about half will have had recent contact with their GP. Reasons for not seeking help in times of emotional distress are discussed. Finally, clinical implications arising from the literature are addressed and suggestions are made for future research

Study area.

<p>Map of Arezzo province, Tuscany, Italy. Pink shading indicates the protected areas. Grey shading represents elevation: lighter shades representing higher altitudes. The sub-region A was monitored from 1998 to 2010, sub-region B was occasionally monitored from 1998 to 2005, after which it was regularly monitored.</p

Response curves of the main variables.

<p>Response curves for the three most important environmental variables in the rendezvous site model. The curves show how the logistic prediction changes with each environmental variable, keeping all other variables at their mean sample value. Red lines represent the average trend for the variable considered, while the blue shading represents the standard deviation from 10,000 bootstrapped replications.</p

Summary variable importance and evaluation statistics for variables included in the MaxEnt model.

<p>Summary variable importance and evaluation statistics for variables included in the MaxEnt model.</p

Additional file 1: of Visualizing sound: counting wolves by using a spectral view of the chorus howling

R Script for wolf choruses analysis with Seewave package in R environment. (R 1 kb

Selection of wild boar as a prey species based on estimates of boar use by wolves and relative availability within Alpe di Catenaia, Italy.

a<p>Data years began in May and ended in April; the 2000–01 year represents all scats collected between 1 May 2000 and 30 April 2001.</p>b<p>Wild boar availability and use in wolf diet are calculated based on biomass (kg per km²) relative to the availability and use of the main ungulate community in Alpe di Catenaia consisting of wild boar and roe deer only. See methods for more detail.</p>c<p>For Manly's standardized selection ratio, values approximately equal to 0.5 indicate prey use in proportion to availability in a two-prey system while selection for and against the prey type of focus would be indicated by higher and lower values respectively.</p

Uncertainty and variation in the selection of wild boar across years.

<p>Manly's standardized selection ratio for wild boar (in wolf diet) was calculated for eight years from 2000–01 to 2008–09. This index is based on the relative availability and use of boar within the main two-prey community composed only of wild boar and roe deer. Error bars representing bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals are displayed. Values approximately equal to 0.5 (black line) indicate prey use in proportion to availability in a two-prey system while selection for and against wild boar are indicated by higher and lower values respectively. The mean value of Manly's selection ratio for boar during the study period was 0.733±0.0234 (dashed line).</p

Composition of wolf diet was assessed based on scat samples collected in Alpe di Catenaia, Italy.

a<p>Scat samples per year sum to the total number of samples used in all analysis over 9 years (1,974). Scat samples per prey item are defined as the total number of scats found containing that prey item in any proportion and may, therefore, sum to more than the total number of scat samples collected.</p>b<p>For analysis purposes our data years began in May and ended in April; the 2000–01 year represents all scats collected between 1 May 2000 and 30 April 2001.</p

Alpe di Catenaia, Italy.

<p>The Alpe di Catenaia study site is located in the Arezzo province in Northern Tuscany, Italy. The study site includes a central protected area, where hunting is prohibited.</p

Wild boar and roe deer density in Alpe di Catenaia.

<p>The densities of the two main wolf prey items, wild boar (open circles) and roe deer (solid circles), from drive counts conducted each April in Alpe di Catenaia. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Density estimates for the year 2006–07 were unavailable.</p