A molecular dynamics computer simulation study of room-temperature ionic liquids. I. Equilibrium solvation structure and free energetics

Solvation in 1-ethyl-3-methylmidazolium chloride and in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate near equilibrium is investigated via molecular dynamics computer simulations with diatomic and benzenelike molecules employed as probe solutes. It is found that electrostriction plays an important role in both solvation structure and free energetics. The angular and radial distributions of cations and anions become more structured and their densities near the solute become enhanced as the solute charge separation grows. Due to the enhancement in structural rigidity induced by electrostriction, the force constant associated with solvent configuration fluctuations relevant to charge shift and transfer processes is also found to increase. The effective polarity and reorganization free energies of these ionic liquids are analyzed and compared with those of highly polar acetonitrile. Their screening behavior of electric charges is also investigated.Comment: 12 page

The need for sustainable local management to solve the reality of increasing traffic congestions in Iraq

The need to find solutions based on sustainable methods for the transportation sector in Iraq has become an urgent necessity due to the ever-increasing volume of traffic congestion caused mainly by the increase in the number of vehicles and the total dependence on them for transportation in the absence of other alternatives. This increase in traffic congestion drains all of the fossil energy in addition to losses in time, health and comfort of users and those close to the roads. Also, it increases the costs in maintaining roads and vehicles, as well as the harmful effects on the environment. A number of literatures have been studied to explain the effects and causes of traffic congestion, especially in countries whose conditions are similar to Iraq. The roads and intersections in the city of Baghdad were monitored, and a number of experts were requested to discuss the causes. A sample questionnaire was conducted that included several levels and ages of Iraqi society to determine the sample's impression on a number of points affecting the local traffic congestion in Baghdad city. It was revealed through the questionnaire that there are four main causes for traffic congestion and there is a strong desire among Iraqis to own and drive vehicles, which led to a significant and continuous increase in their numbers, and this is one of the main causes of congestion

Media Content Adaptation Framework for Technology Enhanced Mobile e-Learning

The increasing demand for ubiquitous access to technology enhanced learning environment has faced a challenge of heterogeneity in terms of networks, mobile device, platforms and finally, the learning content in various formats. In order to alleviate the challenge of the said diversity, content adaptation is essential. However, because of the diversity of the mobile users, networks and the rich media learning content, it is a major challenge for the access of learning content by the desired devices in the mobile learning environment. In order to alleviate the challenge of learning content mismatch, content adaptation is essential. This paper describes a content adaptation framework for mobile e-learning