Addressing non-communicable diseases in disaster risk reduction – an issue of equity

The issues raised by noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) during and after disasters are a challenge to equity within local communities, as well as between countries. Individuals with NCDs are particularly vulnerable in disasters and their aftermath given health systems are disrupted. Although welcome progress has been made in taking NCDs and equity into account in the UN General Assembly ratified agreement, the Sendai Framework for disaster risk reduction 2015–2030, there is need now for a clear plan of implementation

Development and preliminary examination of the predictive validity of the Falls Risk Assessment Tool (FRAT) for use in primary care

Background: There is no validated assessment of an older person's risk of falling that is easily applied in primary care. We aimed to develop a two-part tool for use in primary care or the community. Part 1 includes a rapid assessment of the individual's risk of falling for administration by clinical or non-clinical staff. Part 2 (for clinical staff) includes guidance on further assessment, referral and interventions. We assessed the predictive validity of part 1. Methods: The tool was developed by an expert panel following the updating of an existing systematic review of community-based prospective studies identifying risk factors for falling and modified in accordance with the feedback from extensive piloting. We assessed predictive validity by a questionnaire survey sent at baseline and 6 months to a random sample of 1000 people aged over 65 in one Primary Care Group area. Results: Five items were included in part 1: history of any fall in the previous year, four or more prescribed medications, diagnosis of stroke or Parkinson's disease, reported problems with balance, inability to rise from a chair without using arms. The presence of three or more risk factors had a positive predictive value for a fall in the next 6 months of 0.57 (95 per cent confidence interval 0.43-0.69). Less than three risk factors had a negative predictive value of 0.86 (0.8-0.89), and a specificity of 0.92 (0.88-0.94). Conclusion: The tool may be useful for identifying people who would benefit from further assessment of their risk of falling and appropriate intervention