إنتاج مادة 17 ألفا هيدروكسي البروجستيرون على مستوى المخمر المعملي بواسطة فطرة كاننجهاميلا إيكينولاتا

The mircrobiological transformation of progesterone by a local isolate of Cunninghamella echiiiulata using a laboratory fermentor was studied. Progresterone (10-50 g/1) wetted by Tween 80 was added to 48-hour old culture and the transformation was left to proceed for 72 hours. Thereafter, the different transformation products were resolved chromatog-raphically. The identity of each product was established through the determination of m.p., mixed m.p., optical rotation and ultraviolet as well as infrared absorption spectra. A comparison of the R{ values of each product with that of the corresponding reference using different solvent systems as well as their colour expressed with two spray reagents, was used as a further proof for the identity of the isolated products. With all concentrations of progesterone tested, maximum yield of 17ot -hydroxyprogesterone was obtained after 48 hours of fermentation Progesterone concentrations of 10 and 20 g/1 were almost quantitatively converted to the different transformation products after 72 hours of fermentation. Using a concentration of 20 g/1 and incubation period of 48 hours, the transformation product mixture consisted of unchanged progesterone (6%), 17 o< -hydroxyprogesterone (54%),llotrhydroxyprogesterone (29%) and llo<;,17<^-dihydroxy-progesterone (2.5%).تم استخدام مخمر صناعي سعة 2 لتر لاختيار مقدرة الفطرة على تكوين هذه المادة في ظروف تشبه تلك المطبقة في الصناعة . وبدراسة تركيزات متعددة فن مادة البروجستيرون تتراوح ما بين 10جرام /لتر إلى 50جرام /لتر ، وجد أن أنسب التركيزات المختبرة هو تركيز 20 جرام من البروجستيرون لكل لترمن الوسط الغذائي ، حيث تم تحويل كل البووجستيرون المضاف إلى المشتقات المختلفة خلال 72 ساعة من بدء الاضافة . ووجد أن أعلى معدل لتكوين مادة 17 ألفا - هيدروكسي البروجستيرون كان بعد 48 ساعة من بدأ إضافة البروجستيرون . عند فصل المواد الناتجة من تحول البروجستيرون بواسطة الفطرة المستخدمة وذلك بواسطة أعمدة الفصل باستخدام مادة الالومينا وجد أن البروجستيرون يتحول إلى : 17 ألفا - هيدروكسي البروجستيرون ( 54 %) 11 ألفا - هيدروكسي البروجستيرون (29%) 11 ألفا ، 17 ألفا - ثنائي هيدروكسي البروجستيرون (2.5%

Efficient reconstructed Legendre algorithm for solving linear-quadratic optimal control problems

AbstractIn this paper, a new numerical approach via reconstructed Legendre orthogonal polynomials (LOPs) is presented to solve the linear quadratic optimal control problems (LQPs). By using the elegant operational properties of orthogonal polynomials, a computationally attractive algorithm is developed for calculating LQP. A numerical example illustrates the techniques and demonstrates the accuracy and efficiency of these controllers

Women Economic and Social Empowerment in Urban Middle Class Egyptian Households post 2016 Austerity Measures

Women empowerment has for long been part of all development agendas as part of the developing economies\u27 social and economic reform plans. However, statistics do not usually reflect much improvement in the status of women’s empowerment, especially under austerity. And while most research focuses on the agony and vulnerability of poorer women, a big gap emerges with regard to middle classes women, who try hard to maintain the status of their households and not fall into poverty. This research attempts to cover part of this gap by investigating the social and economic empowerment of urban middle classes Egyptian women post-2016 IMF loan and related austerity measures. The research follows a qualitative approach of ten in-depth interviews with women from different spectrums within the middle classes. It concludes that while participants practiced and enjoyed much empowerment financially, they were not equally empowered socially. And this empowerment can be compromised in some instances due to the unchanged position of women within the governing social norms

Aulos and Crotals in Graeco-roman Egypt

Aulos and crotals are two totally different musical instruments. Aulos is a wind instrument, while the crotals are of percussion type. They were preferably played in Egypt during the Graeco-roman period. Aulos αὐλός was widely used in Graeco-roman Egypt and connected with cults of Egyptian deities like Bes, Hathor, Bastet and Harpocates; and Greek and Roman divinities like Dionysus (Bacchus), Athena (Minerva), and Apollo. This can be attested by historians, scenes, terra-cotta figurines and daily writings. However, the oboe (the double pipe musical instrument) had already been known in Pharonic Egypt and represented in many musical scenes in the tombs from at least the New Kingdom. During the Ptolemaic period, the aulos replaced the Egyptian oboe and played a great role in everyday life. As for crotals Κκρόταλα, they were percussion musical instruments already known in Greek and Roman worlds. They had been also known in Egypt since early times and well attested during the Graeco-roman period and played a great role in the Egyptian society then. The research studies the importance of each instrument in Graeco-roman Egypt at the religious and secular levels, through investigating their role in history, mythologies, and art. Moreover, the research also studies the connection between the two instruments and when they were played together in Graeco-roman Egypt. The research also results in important roles concerning the two musical instruments; aulos and crotals in Graeco-roman Egypt. These roles can be divided in religious ones connected with the cult of different divinities; Egyptian, Greek and Roman; religious festivals, and other roles related to daily life activities

Modeling of photonic band gap crystals and applications

In this work, we have undertaken a theoretical approach to the complex problem of modeling the flow of electromagnetic waves in photonic crystals. Our focus to address the feasibility of using the exciting phenomena of photonic gaps (PBG) in actual applications.;We start by providing analytical derivations, as well as the underlying physical principles, of the computational electromagnetic methods used in our work. A comparative study of the strengths and weaknesses of each method is provided. The Plane Wave expansion, Transfer Matrix, and Finite Difference Time Domain Methods are addressed. We also introduce a new theoretical approach, the Modal Expansion Method.;We then shift our attention to actual applications. We begin with a discussion of 2D photonic crystal wave guides. The structure addressed consists of a 2D hexagonal structure of air cylinders in a layered dielectric background. Comparison with the performance of a conventional guide is made, as well as suggestions for enhancing it. Our studies provide an upper theoretical limit on the performance of such guides.;Next, we study 3D metallic PBG materials at near infrared and optical wavelengths. Our main objective is to study the importance of absorption in the metal and the suitability of observing photonic band gaps in such structures. We study simple cubic structures where the metallic scatterers are either cubes or interconnected metallic rods. The effect of topology is also addressed. Our results reveal that the best performance is obtained by choosing metals with a large negative real part of the dielectric function, together with a relatively small imaginary part. Finally, we point out a new direction in photonic crystal research that involves the interplay of metallic-PBG rejection and photonic band edge absorption. We propose that an absolute metallic-PBG may be used to suppress the infrared part of the blackbody emission and, emit its energy only through a sharp absorption band. Potential applications of this new PBG mechanism include highly efficient incandescent lamps and enhanced thermophotovoltaic energy conversion. The suggested lamp would be able to recycle the energy that would otherwise go into the unwanted resulting in a 40% increase in efficiency

GENOTYPE X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION FOR GRAIN QUALITY CHARACTERS IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)

Fourteen rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties and lines were grown at three locations over 2 years. The effect of genotype X environment (G x E) interactions on some grain quality characters was evaluated. The characters investigated were the following ones: grain length, grain width, grain shape (L/W ratio), hulling %, milling %, head rice %,elonga-. tion, gelatinization temperature (G.T.) and amylose content. It was found that the first order interaction variety x location was significant for hulling %,milling %, head rice % and G.T. only. On the other hand, the variety X year interaction was insignificant for all the studied traits except G.T. The second order interaction variety x location X year, however, was highly significant for all the studied traits. The best grain shape was recorded for the new promising line Gz 2175-5-6, while the variety Giza 171 had the highest milling outturn among the short grain varieties and Giza 181 among the long grain ones.The lowest amylose content values were determined for Giza 172 (18.04 %) and Giza 171 (18.9%), however, the rice variety IR 28 showed the highest amylose content (27.21%)

Physico-mechanical properties of composite cement pastes containing silica fume and fly ash

AbstractThis works aims to study the effect of partial substitution of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by silica fume (SF) and fly ash (FA) on the physico-mechanical properties of the hardened OPC–FA–SF composite cement pastes. The OPC was partially replaced by 20% and 30% fly ash along with 5% and 10% silica fume. The phase composition of the hydration products was investigated using XRD and DTA techniques. It was found that, the increase of FA content in OPC–FA–SF composite cement decreases the water consistency values and increases the setting times. On the other hand, the increase of SF content leads to increase the water of consistency and decrease the setting times. The partial substitution of OPC by FA and SF leads to higher porosity values with a consequent decrease in the compressive strength values especially during the early ages of hydration. At the later ages of hydration, however, the OPC–FA–SF cement pastes possess total porosity and compressive strength values close to those of the neat OPC paste. The lower of free lime contents were obtained for OPC–FA–SF composite cement pastes with the formation of further additional amounts of CSH as a result of the pozzolanic reaction. The results showed also that, the physico-mechanical properties of composite cement paste [OPC (65%)–FA (30%)–SF (5%)] were improved at later ages

Egypt's Nile water

Presented at Contemporary challenges for irrigation and drainage: proceedings from the USCID 14th technical conference on irrigation, drainage and flood control held on June 3-6, 1998 in Phoenix, Arizona.Includes bibliographical references.Many irrigated areas worldwide are facing increasing competition from agricultural, municipal, industrial, environmental and other uses of water. In water basins, changes in water use in one area often affect how water is used in another area. It is therefore vital to understand how water resources are presently used, and how changes may affect future use of water. A water accounting methodology is presented to show the use and productivity of water. The methodology was applied to Egypt's Nile River system to evaluate the present status of water use and productivity. It was shown that there has been a trend of increasing consumption of water by agriculture and an increase in the productivity of water available to agriculture. There is little water remaining to be saved, and increases in productivity must focus on gains in productivity per unit of water consumed by evapotranspiration. The example from Egypt demonstrates the use and utility of the water accounting methodology in describing water use patterns by different sectors. It is envisaged that this methodology will be further developed to be useful in a wide range of situations