Inactivated pentavalent vaccine against mycoplasmosis and salmonellosis for chickens

Mycoplasma and Salmonella are serious pathogens threaten the poultry industry. This study aimed to prepare and evaluate an inactivated pentavalent vaccine targeting bacteria, including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST), Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE), Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky (SK), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), from locally isolated strains. The prepared vaccine was adjuvanted with Montanide ISA70 oil and then tested for safety, sterility, and potency. The vaccine efficacy was evaluated in 110 specific pathogen-free, 1-day-old chicks, which were divided into three groups as follows: 1) vaccinated group (50 birds), which was subdivided into five subgroups of ten birds each; 2) control positive (challenged) group (50 birds), which was subdivided into five subgroups of ten birds each; and 3) control negative (blank) group, which included ten birds. Chicks in group 1 were administered the first dose of vaccine at 7 d of age followed by a booster dose after 3 wk. At 3 wk after booster vaccination, the chicks who were administered the booster dose were challenged and kept under observation until the end of the experiment when the chicks were approximately 10 wk. Details of clinical symptoms, daily mortality, weights, and postmortem lesions; serum samples; cloacal swabs; and nasal swabs were collected during the experiment. The humoral immune response to the prepared pentavalent vaccine was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our findings revealed that the prepared vaccine showed high protective antibody titers against Salmonella and Mycoplasma with 100% efficacy and no mortalities (100% survival rate) were recorded in vaccinated and challenged birds. The vaccine reduced both clinical signs and bacterial shedding post challenge in vaccinated birds in comparison with control positive group. The prepared vaccine did not affect the body weight gain of the vaccinated birds in comparison with control negative birds. The current study concluded that locally manufactured inactivated pentavalent vaccine offers protection to birds and could be employed as an effective tool along with biosecurity measures to overcome mycoplasmosis and salmonellosis in layer and breeder chicken farms in Egypt

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PERIODS OF IRRIGATION AND ASCORBIC ACID ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF MENTHA PIPERITA L. PLANTS

The present study was carried out during two growing seasons (2019 and 2020) at the Nursery of Department of Floriculture, Ornamental Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt to study the effect of irrigation intervals (4 days as control stress, 8 days as moderate stress and 12 days as severe stress) and ascorbic acid (AsA) at 0, 100, 150, 200, 250 mg l-1 on the growth, quantity and quality of the essential oil of Mentha piperita L. plants. The main results of this study indicated that most of the vegetative growth characteristics were increased when AsA was applied at 150 or 200 mg l-1 to the plants grown under control stress (irrigation interval at 4 days). AsA at 200 mg l-1 was more effective on leaves fresh weight than 150 mg l-1 which affects mostly the number of branches of the plants grown under moderate stress (irrigation interval at 8 days). Increasing irrigation interval to 12 days (severe stress) in addition to AsA at 200 mg l-1 decreased the harmful effects in most peppermint plants and leads to obtain high oil percentage and yield. Peppermint oil was analyzed according to GC analysis of fresh leaves grown under water stress and sprayed with ascorbic acid with different concentrations identified 9 components, the major component was menthol with an average of 34.55-52.67% during the three cuts. In general, there was a direct relationship between increasing irrigation intervals and oil components percentage (menthol, menthone and limonene). These results suggest that normal water deficit (4 days irrigation interval) in peppermint will be appropriate to enhance better growth and productivity. In addition, ascorbic acid treatment reduced the damaging action of water stress, especially at concentrations of 150 and 200 mg l-1, so we can conclude that these concentrations are sufficient enough to support peppermint growth, leaves fresh weight and consequently maximum oil yield

Endotoxin Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 with Potential Medical Applications

Four Gram-negative bacteria (E.coli ATCC 19404, P. aeruginosa ATCC9027, A. hydrophila ATCC 7966 and V. damsel ATCC 33539) were screened for production of endotoxin. P. aeruginosa recoded the highest endotoxin concentration (338.59 x 103 IU/ml). The optimization of endotoxin production resulted in the increase of endotoxin titer (25% at pH 7.0 and 26% at both 30°C and 90 rpm). The detection of lipid core complex (50 kDa) and O-specific polysccahrides (20, 25, 38 kDa) was performed by the application of SDS-PAGE. GC/MS analysis indicated the presence of 4 compounds namely 2H Pyaran, 2,5 diethenyltetrahydro, Tetradecanoic acid, Bis(2 ethylhexyl) phthalate and Dodecanoic acid. The endotoxin was thermally stable (78%) at 120°C for 60 min. Reduction of endotoxin activity (45 and 69%) occurred when treated with 1N-NaOH or HCl for 60 min, respectively. The endotoxin showed a bio-toxicity against Artemia salina, (LC50of 102.99µg/ml). The endotoxin exhibited antitumor activity against colon cancer cells (Caco-2) and breast cancer cells (Mcf-7) with growth reduction amounted to87% and 92%, respectively. On the other hand, a weak antiviral activity (5.2%) was recorded in Vero cells infected with HAV. In conclusion, the endotoxin with antioxidant property could be an alternative for the treatment of colon and breast cancer

Alterations in proteins and amino acids of the Nile cyanobacteria Pseudanabaena limnetica and Anabaena wisconsinense in response to industrial wastewater pollution

The effect of industrial wastewater on the Nile cyanobacteria Pseudanabaena limnetica and Anabaena wisconsinense was investigated. The data showed that P. limnetica was more sensitive to pollution than A. wisconsinense. The treatments with different levels of wastewater exerted pronounced reductions in protein and amino acids content. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the cyanobacteria grown in the industrial wastewater showed induction in the synthesis of certain polypeptides and repression of others. The treatments of P. limnetica with wastewater stimulated the appearance of six protein bands with molecular masses of 28, 30, 31, 32, 58 and 97 kDa. The same treatments caused the disappearance of 20, 38 and 56 kDa. The structural protein pattern of the treated A. wisconsinense showed appearance of 16, 30, 170 and 230 kDa and disappearance of 56 kDa. The treatment of the two investigated cyanobacteria with different levels of wastewater stimulated the biosyntheses of different amino acids and inhibited others