Selective Hematological, Biochemical and Pathological Alterations of Newcastle Virus in Naturally Infected and Vaccinated Broilers in Damietta Governorate of Egypt

Newcastle disease (ND) remains one of the most harmful poultry diseases that threaten the poultry industry producers all over the world, thus the present work was planned to investigate the hematological, biochemical, and pathological changes in vaccinated and non-vaccinated broiler chickens naturally infected with ND. The study was conducted on 45 broiler chickens, 35-days-old, from a private farm in Damietta governorate and used in this work, 15 chickens were clinically healthy (Group I), 30 chickens with ND symptoms divided into 15 non-vaccinated (Group II) and the other 15 chickens (Group III) were vaccinated with La Sota strain of NDV with a titre of 106.5 EID50. The disease was diagnosed by hem agglutination test as ND. Blood and tissue samples were collected for clinical-pathological and histopathological examination. The infected broiler chickens showed cyanosis, nasal discharge, edema of eyelid and white pasty diarrhea with nervous manifestations. Furthermore, microcytic hypochromic anemia with leukocytosis was observed. Biochemical studies revealed a significant decrease in serum total proteins, albumin and A/G ratio, with significant increases in serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, and uric acid and glucose concentration in addition to several histological alterations were significantly seen in brain, intestine, liver and kidney of the infected birds. All these disturbances were less severe in the vaccinated group than the non-vaccinated one. In conclusion, La Sota vaccine can increase the bird resistant against Newcastle disease virus induced blood disorders and hepatic-renal insufficiency in broiler chickens

Hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress studies of lumpy skin disease virus infection in cattle

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an important disease of cattle. This study was conducted to determine alterations in hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress markers in cattle that have been naturally infected with LSD virus (LSDV). Blood samples and skin nodular lesions were collected from clinically infected, recovered and healthy animals. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to screen for Capripoxvirus DNA in samples from clinically infected animals. Hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress markers were measured. LSDV nuclic acids were detected in the collected samples using PCR. Hematological results revealed erythrocytosis, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia in infected cattle. Biochemical analyses showed that total protein and globulin levels were significantly elevated, while albumin and glucose were significantly reduced in these cattle. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and creatinine levels were markedly elevated. Moreover, serum levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) were markedly lowered, whereas lipid peroxidation (MDA) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and TNF-α) were elevated. Recovered cattle exhibited significant amelioration of the alterations resulting from LSDV infection. The results of this study suggest that LSDV infection induces changes in hematological and biochemical parameters and stimulates oxidative stress; these findings may be helpful for choosing a good strategy for rapidly detecting and diagnosing LSDV infection

Changing dietary n-6:n-3 ratio using different oil sources affects performance, behavior, cytokines mRNA expression and meat fatty acid profile of broiler chickens

Typical formulated broiler diets are deficient in n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) due to widening n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio which could greatly affect performance, immune system of birds and, more importantly, meat quality. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of modifying dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio from plant and animal oil sources on performance, behavior, cytokine mRNA expression, antioxidative status and meat fatty acid profile of broiler chickens. Birds (n = 420) were fed 7 diets enriched with different dietary oil sources and ratios as follows: sunflower oil in control diet (C); fish oil (FO); 1:1 ratio of sunflower oil to FO (C1FO1); 3:1 ratio of sunflower oil to fish oil (C3FO1); linseed oil (LO); 1:1 ratio of sunflower oil to linseed oil (C1LO1); 3:1 ratio of sunflower oil to linseed oil (C3LO1), resulting in dietary n-6:n-3 ratios of approximately 40:1, 1.5:1, 4:1, 8:1, 1:1, 2.5:1 and 5:1, respectively. The best final body weight, feed conversion ratio as well as protein efficiency ratio of broilers were recorded in the C1FO1 and C1LO1 groups. Compared with the control group, the dressing percentage and breast and thigh yield were highest in the C1FO1 and C1LO1 groups. Narrowing the dietary n-6:n-3 ratio increased (P < 0.05) n-3 PUFA content of breast meat. Moreover, the breast meat contents of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increased (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary FO whereas α-linolenic acid content was higher with LO supplementation. Also, enriching the diets with n-3 PUFA from FO and LO clearly decreased (P < 0.05) serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and very low-density lipoproteins and enhanced antioxidative status. The feeding frequency was decreased (P < 0.05) in the C1FO1 and C1LO1 groups. Likewise, n-3 PUFA-enriched diets enhanced the frequency of preening, wing flapping and flightiness. Animal oil source addition, compared to plant oil, to broiler diets enhanced the relative mRNA expression of interferon gamma, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 genes, especially at low n-6:n-3 ratios. This study has clearly shown that narrowing n-6:n-3 ratio through the addition of FO or LO improved performance and immune response of broilers and resulted in healthy chicken meat, enriched with long chain n-3 PUFA. Keywords: Broiler, n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, Performance, Antioxidant status, Meat, Immunit

Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Biomedical Applications, Antibacterial and Anticancer Activities, and their Hemato-Biochemical Impacts: A Review

Nanobiotechnology has grown rapidly as an essential branch of modern research, which deals with synthesis, design and manipulation of particles with at least one dimension &lt;100nm. As well as they have an important role in diagnosis and treatment of modern diseases. AgNPs are mostly used NPs in a variety of applications because of their exceptional physicochemical characteristics with low toxicity and biocompatibility. Also, their great chemical stability, catalytic activity, conductivity and antimicrobial potential leads to its high commercial use. AgNPs produced by the action of reducing reagents, such as, physical, chemical and biological techniques. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles are most attractive nanomaterial of interest among several metallic nanoparticles, which characterized by its hazard free and eco-friendly cost-effective, biological and therapeutic properties. The natural resources for biosynthesis of nanoparticles include plants, bacteria, yeast, algae, fungi and viruses. The AgNPs has great importance in several fields of the science and some technology as electronics, therapeutics, environmental protection, textile industry, cosmetics, biomedical, photonics and agriculture. Also they act as an effective antimicrobial, anticancer and diagnostic agents through the distinctive characteristics of Ag nanostructures, like its exceptional SERS/SPR, the properties and charge of its surface, variety of the shape, rate of dissolution, as well as its ability to organized Ag+ release for mediating both antimicrobial toxicity and cytotoxicity toward cancer cells. This review provided an overview of synthesis of AgNPs along with their anti- microbial and anti- cancer activities. In addition to an overview on how AgNPs affect hemato-biochemical parameters

Mannanoligosaccharides as a Carbon Source in Biofloc Boost Dietary Plant Protein and Water Quality, Growth, Immunity and Aeromonas hydrophila Resistance in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) or glycerol (GLY) as a carbon source on biofloc systems of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) juveniles. Fish (n = 750) were reared in open flow (Controls) or biofloc systems (B-GLY and B-MOS) fed with a plant or fish protein source over a period of twelve weeks. Total ammonia nitrogen and nitrate decreased in the biofloc groups, while biofloc volume increased in B-MOS. Compared to the controls, B-MOS and B-GLY exhibited higher weight gain and improved feed conversion, irrespectively of the diet. Serum level of C-reactive protein was reduced, while IgM and lysozyme activity was higher in the B-MOS fish, compared to other groups. Intestinal Bacillus spp. count was increased, whereas Vibrio, Aeromonas and Pseudomonas spp. counts decreased in B-MOS reared groups, compared to the other groups. The proinflammatory cytokine (IL-8 and IFN-&gamma;) transcript expression was upregulated in B-MOS more than B-GLY reared groups. Compared to the controls, the virulence of Aeromonas hydrophila was decreased in the B-MOS and B-GLY groups. The results indicate several benefits of using MOS as a carbon source in a biofloc Nile tilapia system; a cost benefit analysis is required to assess the economic viability of this