The Attenuation Capability ofSelected Steel Alloys for Nuclear Reactor Applications

Neutronsand gamma ray attenuation of different steel grades (SS304, SS304L, SS316L, SS430, a modified high manganese-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel, and developed cobalt-free Maraging steel) was measured to study their capability to be used as nuclear reactor materials. The hardness and microstructure of the studied steel alloys were carried out using Vickers hardness and optical microscope respectively.Neutron and gamma rays measurements were carried out using a narrow beam transmissions geometry method. Measurements and calculations of gamma ray attenuation coefficients were carried out at energies 238.63, 338.28, 583.19, 911.2, 968.97, 1173.23, 1332.49, and 2614.51 keV. The transmitted gamma rays were detected by the Hyper Pure Germanium detector (HPGe), while, the neutron flux emitted from 241Am-Be neutron source was used to measure the neutron removal cross section for both slow and total neutrons. The transmitted beam of neutrons was measured under a good geometric conditions using 3He counter.A good agreement between experimental data of mass attenuation coefficients and theoretical results calculated by the WinXcom computer program (version 3.1) was obtained

How to screen for domestic violence against women in primary health care centers

Background: Violence against women is a major public health problem. Primary health care workers are involved in both detection and management of violence. Screening of women for violence is an important tool for early detection and prevention of violence through a valid and accepted screening tool.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the main elements and characteristics of a violence screening tool that can be used in primary health care centers.Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was carried out in primary health care centers located in two randomly selected health regions in Kuwait. The study involved all available physicians (210) and nurses (464) in the selected centers. The overall response rate was 54.3%. A selfadministrative questionnaire was used for data collection.Results: Physicians favored an indirect question about violence (79.7%), while a question about feeling safe (83.6%) was suggested by nurses. The most frequently suggested method was searching for signs of violence. The majority of both nurses (82.4%) and physicians (82.0%) suggested physicians to carry out the screening process for domestic violence against women. The primary health care level was suggested to be in charge of screening for violence by 88.7% of nurses and 82.0% of physicians. Both  nurses and physicians agreed that the examination should be carried out in complete privacy (95.0% and 91.4%), by an examiner of the same sex (89.1% and 89.8%), and not allowing a relative of the victim to attend the screening (85.3% and 78.9%). Opportunistic screening was preferred by both physicians (69.5%) and nurses (87.8%) when manifestations of violence are noticed.Conclusion: A short tool containing a question about safety and looking for signs of violence administered by a physician on opportunistic basis in the primary health care centers in complete privacy was suggested for screening of women.Keywords: Screening; Tool; Violence; Women; Primary Cente

Barriers for domestic violence screening in primary health care centers

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Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a biomarker of disease activity in pediatric lupus nephritis

Background: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is expressed in immature neutrophil precursors and in epithelial cells during both inflammation and neoplastic transformation. A recent prospective pediatric study demonstrated that concentrations of NGAL in urine and plasma represent novel, sensitive, and specific biomarkers for early identification of acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery. Objective: To assess the relationship of serum NGAL levels with disease activity in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with special emphasis on lupus nephritis. Methods: The study included 30 children and adolescents with pediatric SLE with a mean age of 16.48±3.524 years. Patients were clinically and laboratory evaluated and categorized into those with nephritis and those without nephritis. Activity was assessed using SLEDAI score, NGAL levels were measured in the sera of included patients and were compared to those of 20 matched controls using ELISA. Results: Serum NGAL was significantly higher in SLE patients in comparison to the controls (z=-5.962, p < 0.001). Furthermore serum NGAL was significantly higher in SLE patients with nephritis and in those without nephritis in comparison to the controls (p < 0.001 in both). Serum NGAL was higher in SLE patients with nephritis in comparison to those without nephritis, yet the results are borderline regarding statistical significance (p=0.05). Levels of serum NGAL correlated significantly with disease activity as assessed by SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) (r=0.485, p < 0.01). There was a significant correlation between serum NGAL and urinary protein to creatinine ratio, 24hr urinary protein and BUN of SLE patients. Conclusion: Our results suggest that serum NGAL represents a novel biomarker for disease activity in pediatric SLE patients, and a marker of severity of renal involvement.Keywords: SLE, NGAL, SLEDAI, lupus nephritisEgypt J Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011;9(1):15-2

Thymus algeriensis and Thymus fontanesii exert neuroprotective effect against chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain in rats

We have previously demonstrated that the Thymus algeriensis and Thymus fontanesii extracts have powerful anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects against acute pain models. We profiled their chemical composition and found many phenolic acids, flavonoids, and phenolic diterpenes. In this work, we investigated their antioxidant properties on HaCaT cells exposed to UVA-induced oxidative stress and examined their effects against chronic neuropathic pain and the underlying mechanisms. Through a rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model, we induced chronic neuropathic pain by placing 4 loose ligatures around the right sciatic nerve for 14 days. Thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia in addition to cold and dynamic allodynia were tested on the day before surgery and on the 7th and 14th post-surgery days. Key markers of the nitrosative and oxidative stresses, in addition to markers of inflammation, were measured at day 14 post surgery. Histopathological examination and immunostaining of both synaptophysin and caspase-3 of sciatic nerve and brain stem were also performed. Results of this study showed that T. algeriensis extract suppresses UVA oxidative stress in HaCaT cells via activation of the Nrf-2 pathway. Both extracts attenuated hyperalgesia and allodynia at 7- and 14-days post-surgery with more prominent effects at day 14 of surgery. Their protective effects against neuropathic pain were mediated by inhibiting NOX-1, iNOS, by increasing the enzyme activity of catalase, and inhibition of inflammatory mediators, NF-κB, TNF-α, lipoxygenase, COX-2 enzymes, and PGE2. Furthermore, they improved deleterious structural changes of the brainstem and sciatic nerve. They also attenuated the increased caspase-3 and synaptophysin. The data indicate that both extracts have neuroprotective effects against chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain. The observed protective effects are partially mediated through attenuation of oxidative and nitrosative stress and suppression of both neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis, suggesting substantial activities of both extracts in amelioration of painful peripheral neuropathy

Formulation of Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanopowder into Hybrid Beads for Dye Separation

The sol-gel prepared zinc oxide nanopowder was immobilized onto alginate-polyvinyl alcohol polymer blend to fabricate novel biocomposite beads. Various physicochemical characterization techniques have been utilized to identify the crystalline, morphological, and chemical structures of both the fabricated zinc oxide hybrid beads and their corresponding zinc oxide nanopowder. The thermal stability investigations demonstrate that ZnO nanopowder stability dramatically decreased with its immobilization into the polymeric alginate and PVA matrix. The formulated beads had very strong mechanical strength and they are difficult to be broken up to 1500 rpm. Moreover, these hybrid beads are chemically stable at the acidic media (pH < 7) especially within the pH range of 2–7. Finally, the applicability of the formulated ZnO hybrid beads for C.I. basic blue 41 (BB41) decolorization from aqueous solution was examined

Novel Green Micro-Synthesis of Graphene-Titanium Dioxide Nano- Composites with Photo-Electrochemical Properties

Background: Graphene-Titanium dioxide nano-composite forms a very promising material in the field of photo-electrochemical research. Methods: In this study, a novel environment-friendly synthesis method was developed to produce well-distributed anatase nano-titanium dioxide spherical particles on the surface of graphene sheets. This novel method has great advantages over previously developed methods of producing graphenetitanium dioxide nanocomposites (GTNCs). High calcination temperature 650°C was used in the preparation of nano titanium dioxide, and chemical exfoliation for graphene synthesis and GTNC was performed by our novel method of depositing titanium dioxide nanoparticles on graphene sheets using a Y-shaped micro-reactor under a controlled pumping rate with minimal use of chemicals. Results: The physiochemical and crystallographic properties of the GTNC were confirmed by TEM, XRD, FTIR and EDX measurements, confirming process repeatability. Spherical nano-titanium dioxide was produced in the anatase phase with very high crystallinity and small particle diameters ranging from 9 nm to 25 nm, also the as prepared graphene (RGO) exhibited minimal flake folding and a high carbon content of 81.28% with a low oxygen-to-carbon atomic ratio of 0.172 and GTNCs produced by our novel method had a superior loading content, a homogeneous distribution and a 96.6% higher content of titanium dioxide particles on the graphene sheets compared with GTNCs prepared with the one-pot method. Conclusion: For its photoelectrochemical properties, chronoamperometry showed that GTNC sample (2) had a higher peak current of 60 μA compared with that of GTNC sample (1), which indicates that the separation and transfer of electron-hole pairs are better in the case of GTNC sample (2) and according to the LSV results, the generation of photocurrent in the samples can be observed through multiple on-off cycles, which indicates that the electrodes are stable and that the photocurrent is quite reversible

The unexpected presence of a huge cystic hygroma with thanatophoric dysplasia type I: a case report

Introduction: The presence of a thin-walled, multicystic structure posterior to the fetal head and neck with an intact vertebral column is known as a cystic hygroma. Thanatophoric dysplasia is the most lethal skeletal dysplasia. Thanatophoric dysplasia (TD) is an autosomal dominant disorder with two phenotypes. TD type I is characterized by a normal shaped skull with bowed femurs and micromelia, while TD type II is characterized by straight femurs with a clover-leaf deformity of the skull and micromelia. We report here a case of thanatophoric dysplasia type I associated with cystic hygroma, this association needs further evaluation. Case history: A 30 year old woman was referred at 26 weeks of gestation because of marked polyhydramnios. Ultrasonographic examination of the fetus revealed a narrow chest, protuberant abdomen, short curved femur, normal shaped skull with accidentally cystic hygroma were present. No other anomalies were detected. We explained to the patient the nature and severity of the anomaly and the patient preferred the termination of pregnancy. Induction of abortion was done successfully. Conclusion: This case report has highlighted the association between cystic hygroma and thanatophoric dysplasia type I. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature reporting the association of cystic hygroma and thanatophoric dysplasia type I. We believe that this case is useful for obstetricians and pediatricians. We also highly recommend the genetic evaluation of the fetus and parents