LES SUKUK : FONDEMENTS, ETATS DES LIEUX ET PERSPECTIVES

Les sukuk sont considérés comme l’instrument financier le plus innovant de la finance islamique, dénommée ci-après, finance participative. Celle-ci a connu une évolution considérable à travers le monde avec un impact certain et une grande influence sur les différentes transactions économiques et bancaires.  Depuis les années 2000, le marché sukuk connait des évolutions fulgurantes, et occupe une place capitale dans l'industrie financière.L'objectif principal de cet article est de participer, par l’intermédiaire d’une analyse de la littérature théorique, à mieux comprendre et à montrer l’importance des sukuk, tout en présentant d'une façon simplifiée leurs principes de base, leurs caractéristiques et les principales formes de structures, ainsi que leur évolution et développemen

Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its association with surrogate markers of insulin resistance in patients with type 1 diabetes

Aims: Assess prevalence of hepatic steatosis (HS) and of fibrosis in an unselected population of patients with type 1 diabetes. Describe their clinical profile and explore the association between insulin resistance and NAFLD as secondary objectives. Methods: We prospectively assessed NAFLD by transient elastography in adult outpatients with type 1 diabetes. Patients were eligible if they did not have any known secondary cause of liver disease. NAFLD was defined as HS with or without fibrosis/cirrhosis. Associations between estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) and metabolic syndrome, as surrogate markers of insulin resistance, and NAFLD were explored using multivariate logistic regression models, adjusting for age, sex and diabetes duration. Results: We enrolled 150 consecutive subjects (age 47 ± 14 years, male 55%, diabetes duration 25 ± 14 years, median BMI 25 kg/m2). NAFLD prevalence was 20% (n = 30). Thirty patients (20%) had HS. Five patients (3.3%) had HS with fibrosis. eGDR and metabolic syndrome were statistically significantly associated with the presence of NAFLD (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.49–0.77, OR 7.62, 95% CI 2.95–19.77). Conclusions: NAFLD prevalence in patients with type 1 diabetes is considerable, mainly restricted to isolated HS, while fibrosis is rare. Insulin resistance is associated with NAFLD in patients with type 1 diabetes

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: identical etiologic factors in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Aims: To compare NAFLD prevalence, distribution and its etiologic determinants in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, NAFLD was evaluated by transient elastography in adult outpatients with T1D and T2D. NAFLD was defined as hepatic steatosis with or without fibrosis. Associations between insulin resistance related factors and NAFLD and advanced fibrosis (≥ F3) were explored in T1D and T2D separately, using multivariate logistic regression models. Interaction analysis was performed to compare the associations in patients with T1D and T2D. Results: One hundred and fifty patients with T1D (mean age 47 years, male 55%, mean diabetes duration 25 years, median BMI 25 kg/m2) and 100 patients with T2D (median age 67 years, male 56%, median diabetes duration 17 years, mean BMI 30 kg/m2) were included. NAFLD prevalence was 20% in patients with T1D and 76% in patients with T2D. Advanced fibrosis prevalence was 2.0% in patients with T1D and 22% in patients with T2D. In both patients with T1D and T2D, waist circumference, BMI and metabolic syndrome were positively associated, and estimated insulin sensitivity was negatively associated with the presence of NAFLD, adjusted for age, sex and diabetes duration. There was no effect modification by diabetes type for any of these associations. Conclusions: Despite differences in population characteristics and pathophysiology between T1D and T2D, insulin resistance related factors are similarly associated with NAFLD in both groups

Additional file 1 of Understanding what matters most to patients in acute care in seven countries, using the flash mob study design

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Developmental process of framework. Table S1. Framework for coding. Table S2. Top ten answers to the question ‘what matters most’. Table S3. Top ten answers to the question ‘why is this important’. Table S4. Differences in what matters and why between sex, age groups, length of stay and if patients feel the doctor knows what matters or not. Table S5. Differences in what matters and why to patients between countries. List of local collaborators