Density structure and isostasy of the lithosphere in Egypt and their relation to seismicity

A joint analysis of the new satellite–terrestrial gravity field model with recent data on the crustal structure and seismic tomography was conducted to create an integrative model of the crust and upper mantle and to investigate the relation of the density structure and the isostatic state of the lithosphere to the seismicity of Egypt. We identified the distinct fragmentation of the lithosphere of Egypt in several blocks. This division is closely related to the seismicity patterns in this region. The relatively dense and strong lithosphere in the Nile Delta limits the seismic activity within this area, while earthquakes are mainly associated with the boundaries of this block. In the same way, the relatively strong lithosphere in the Isthmus of Suez and northern Mediterranean prevents the Gulf of Suez from opening further. The central part of Egypt is generally characterized by an increased density of the mantle, which extends to the Mediterranean at a depth of 100 km. This anomaly deepens southward to Gilf Kebir and eastward to the Eastern Desert. The average density of the crystalline crust is generally reduced in this zone, indicating the increased thickness of the upper crust. The low-density anomaly under the northern Red Sea is limited to 100–125 km, confirming the passive origin of the extension. Most of the earthquakes occur in the crust and uppermost mantle in this structure due to the hot and weak upper mantle underneath. Furthermore, an asymmetric lithosphere structure is observed across the northern Red Sea. The isostatic anomalies show the fragmentation of the crust of Sinai with the high-density central block. Strong variations in the isostatic anomalies are correlated with the high level of seismicity around Sinai. This tendency is also evident in the northern Red Sea, east of the Nile Valley, and in parts of the Western Desert.</p

Geological and geophysical investigation of Kamil crater, Egypt

We detail the Kamil crater (Egypt) structure and refine the impact scenario, based on the geological and geophysical data collected during our first expedition in February 2010. Kamil Crater is a model for terrestrial small-scale hypervelocity impact craters. It is an exceptionally well-preserved, simple crater with a diameter of 45 m, depth of 10 m, and rayed pattern of bright ejecta. It occurs in a simple geological context: flat, rocky desert surface, and target rocks comprising subhorizontally layered sandstones. The high depth-to-diameter ratio of the transient crater, its concave, yet asymmetric, bottom, and the fact that Kamil Crater is not part of a crater field confirm that it formed by the impact of a single iron mass (or a tight cluster of fragments) that fragmented upon hypervelocity impact with the ground. The circular crater shape and asymmetries in ejecta and shrapnel distributions coherently indicate a direction of incidence from the NW and an impact angle of approximately 30 to 45 . Newly identified asymmetries, including the off-center bottom of the transient crater floor downrange, maximum overturning of target rocks along the impact direction, and lower crater rim elevation downrange, may be diagnostic of oblique impacts in well-preserved craters. Geomagnetic data reveal no buried individual impactor masses >100 kg and suggest that the total mass of the buried shrapnel >100 g is approximately 1050–1700 kg. Based on this mass value plus that of shrapnel >10 g identified earlier on the surface during systematic search, the new estimate of the minimum projectile mass is approximately 5 t.Published1842–18683.8. Geofisica per l'ambienteJCR Journalrestricte

Evidence of magma activation beneath the Harrat Lunayyir basaltic field (Saudi Arabia) from attenuation tomography

We present a seismic attenuation model for the crust beneath the Cenozoic basaltic field of Harrat Lunayyir (western Saudi Arabia), where a strong seismic swarm occurred in 2009. The tomography inversion uses the envelope shape of the S wave seismograms from over 300 strong events (<i>M</i> < 3.5). The resulting attenuation structures appear to be consistent with the distribution of seismic velocities. The obtained 3-D attenuation model distinguishes the low-attenuation zones down to 5 km depth corresponding to the rigid basaltic cover. At greater depths, we detect a high-attenuation anomaly coinciding with the main seismicity cluster. We propose that this zone corresponds to the upper part of the conduit area ascending from deeper magma sources. According to the distributions of local events, fluids and melts from this conduit appear to reach a depth of &sim;2 km, but were not able to reach the surface and cause the eruption in 2009

Mantle Convection Patterns Reveal the Mechanism of the Red Sea Rifting

We present a new model of the stress state and present-day tectonics of the Red Sea Rift (RSR) based on an instantaneous geodynamic mantle flow model. The initial density and viscosity variations in the mantle are derived from a joint inversion of gravity, residual topography, and tomography, which provides higher resolution than existing models. The calculated mantle flow shows clear distinctions along the rift axis. The tectonics of the southern part of the Red Sea is mainly controlled by the Afar plume and characterized by divergent mantle flow. The passive rifting along the central part of the RSR can be explained either by asthenospheric upwelling due to the Red Sea floor spreading or by the plume, rising from the transition zone and not directly related to the Afar plume. We also observed ridge-axis-aligned flow in the uppermost mantle in the northern part of the RSR

Reconsidering Effective Elastic Thickness Estimates by Incorporating the Effect of Sediments: A Case Study for Europe

In the present study we analyzed the influence of density heterogeneity in the sedimentary cover on estimates of the effective elastic thickness (EET) of the lithosphere based on a cross‐spectral analysis of gravity and topography data. The fan wavelet coherence technique was employed to calculate EET for most of Europe and adjoining southern mountain belts. We employed Bouguer gravity anomalies and topography corrected for the effect of density variations within sediments. Correcting for sediments considerably suppresses the effect of unexpressed subsurface loads and substantially reduces EET estimates in areas with negligible topography variations as it was demonstrated for North Europe and East European Platform. The results show a good correspondence between the EET patterns and tectonic fragmentation of Europe and better agree with independent estimates based on the strength model of the lithosphere. Therefore, considering of the effect of sediments is essential for correct determinations of EET in flat areas

Strength and elastic thickness variations in the Arabian Plat : A combination of temperature, composition and strain rates of the lithosphere

The Arabian Plate shows a strong asymmetry between its Shield and Platform, in terms of topography, seismic velocity and density structure of the upper mantle. This asymmetry also results in significant rheological differences between these blocks, as revealed by the effective elastic thickness (EET) estimates, obtained using a spectral gravity method. However, these estimates may be biased due to various factors. Therefore, other approaches based on a direct rheological modeling of the lithospheric structure should be employed to verify these results. In this study, we use a recent model of the lithosphere, based on an integrative interpretation of the gravity field and seismic tomography, to correct an initial thermal model obtained from the inversion of seismic velocity, assuming a uniform composition. The results are used together with the most recent crustal model of the Arabian Plate to construct two alternative models of strength and EET of the lithosphere. The first model (Model I) assumes a constant value of 10− 15 s− 1 for the strain rates. In the second model (Model II), we used the strain rates obtained from a global mantle flow model. Model I confirms the asymmetry in the rigidity of the Shield and Platform. In contrast, Model II shows that the influence of the variable strain rates causes a significant increase in the strength and EET of the central and eastern part of the Shield and in contrast to previous studies, reveals that most of the Arabian Plate is a long-term stable tectonic feature, predominantly characterized by large EET values (≥ 70 km)

Strength and elastic thickness variations in the Arabian Plat: A combination of temperature, composition and strain rates of the lithosphere

The Arabian Plate shows a strong asymmetry between its Shield and Platform, in terms of topography, seismic velocity and density structure of the upper mantle. This asymmetry also results in significant rheological differences between these blocks, as revealed by the effective elastic thickness (EET) estimates, obtained using a spectral gravity method. However, these estimates may be biased due to various factors. Therefore, other approaches based on a direct rheological modeling of the lithospheric structure should be employed to verify these results. In this study, we use a recent model of the lithosphere, based on an integrative interpretation of the gravity field and seismic tomography, to correct an initial thermal model obtained from the inversion of seismic velocity, assuming a uniform composition. The results are used together with the most recent crustal model of the Arabian Plate to construct two alternative models of strength and EET of the lithosphere. The first model (Model I) assumes a constant value of 10− 15 s− 1 for the strain rates. In the second model (Model II), we used the strain rates obtained from a global mantle flow model. Model I confirms the asymmetry in the rigidity of the Shield and Platform. In contrast, Model II shows that the influence of the variable strain rates causes a significant increase in the strength and EET of the central and eastern part of the Shield and in contrast to previous studies, reveals that most of the Arabian Plate is a long-term stable tectonic feature, predominantly characterized by large EET values (≥ 70 km)

Subduction or delamination beneath the Apennines? Evidence from regional tomography

In this study we present a new regional tomography model of the upper mantle beneath Italy and the surrounding area derived from the inversion of travel times of P and S waves from the updated International Seismological Centre (ISC) catalogue. Beneath Italy, we identify a high-velocity anomaly which has the appearance of a long, narrow "sausage" with a steeply dipping part down to a depth of 400 km and then expanding horizontally over approximately 400 km. Rather than to interpret it as a remnant of the former Tethyan oceanic slab, we consider that it is made up of the infra continental lithospheric mantle of Adria, which is progressively delaminated, whereas its overlying crust becomes progressively accreted into the Apenninic tectonic wedge