Comparative study of ochratoxin a exposure through the intake of cereal products in two climatic moroccan regions

The present study aims to compare ochratoxin A (OTA) exposure through the intake of three cereal derivative products (bread, pasta and semolina) in two different Moroccan climatic regions (littoral and continental). OTA weekly intakes from cereal products were calculated using a deterministic approach for each region. Results showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) of OTA exposure between the two regions. Indeed, the median OTA exposure was estimated at 48.97 ng/kg b.w./week in the littoral region, while it was estimated at 6.36 ng/kg b.w./week in the continental region. The probabilistic approach showed that, due to uncertainties, the 95th percentile of weekly OTA exposure associated with the three cereal products ranged from 66.18 to 137.79 (95% CI) with a median of 97.44 ng/kg body weight (b.w.)/week. Compared to the threshold of 100 ng/kg b.w./week, 95% of the cumulative distributions predicted an exceedance frequency between 0.42 and 17.30% (95% CI), with an exceedance frequency median of 4.43%. Results showed that cereal derivatives constitute an important vector of OTA exposure and cause a significant exceedance of toxicological reference value among large consumers in the littoral region, which suggests the urgency of reconsidering the maximum regulatory limit (MRL) set for OTA (3 µg/kg) in cereal derivatives by Moroccan authorities.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Lutte antidopage et contrôle des médications chez les chevaux de course: Recommandations pour les acteurs des courses de chevaux au Sénégal

The fight against doping in the equine world has two distinct approaches, whether it concerns illicit substances or molecules legitimately used in equine therapy but possessing a doping character. Senegal, being in the process of setting up routine doping control in equestrian disciplines, is taking the paths already established. However, the name medication control not being routine in Senegal, this article written in three sessions, aims to recall this aspect which is intimately linked to the known common expression "doping control" known in this country. To do this, the first session is devoted to doping in the equestrian world with a reminder of the evolution of the definition of doping, the types of doping and the classes of substances used in doping in horses. Then, the second session is kept for anti-doping and medication control. Recommendations to each of the players involved in horse racing ended the third session of this article. Keys Words: Anti-doping, medication control, horse racing players, SenegalLa lutte antidopage dans le milieu hippique connaît deux approches distinctes qu’il s’agisse des substances illicites ou des molécules légitimement utilisées en thérapeutique équine mais possédant un caractère dopant. Le Sénégal étant dans une démarche de mise en place d’un contrôle antidopage en routine dans les disciplines équestre emprunte les pistes déjà établies. Toutefois, l’appellation contrôle des médications n’étant pas de routine au Sénégal, cet article écrit en trois sessions, s’est proposé de rappeler cet aspect qui est intimement lié à l’expression commune connue «&nbsp;contrôle antidopage&nbsp;» connue dans ce pays. Pour ce faire, la première session est consacrée au dopage dans le monde hippique avec pour rappel de l’évolution de la définition du dopage, des types de dopage et les classes des substances utilisées dans le dopage chez les chevaux. Ensuite, la deuxième session est conservée à la lutte antidopage et au contrôle des médications. Les recommandations à l’endroit de chacun des acteurs impliqués dans les courses des chevaux ont terminé la troisième session de cet article. Mots clés: Lutte antidopage, contrôle des médications, acteurs des courses hippiques, Sénéga

Control Strategy of Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid in Standalone Mode

The fluctuation of production of renewable energy resources (RESs) is a big problem for its installation and integration in isolated residential buildings. A hybrid AC/DC microgrid facilitates the good operation of RESs with a storage system in standalone mode and the possibilities of smart energy management. In this paper optimization research of the hybrid ac/dc microgrid in isolated mode of operation is presented. The power system is supplied by various Renewable Energy Resources (RESs), Photovoltaic arrays (PVA), a Wind Turbine Generator (WTG), Diesel Generator (DG) and supported by Batteries Storage System (BSS) for short term storage. The main objective of this study is to optimize power flow within a hybrid ac/dc microgrid with regards to reliability in islanded mode. First a mathematical model optimized by mixed integer linear programming and solved by CPLEX solver with JAVA language is developed for an islanded RES system and then, based on the developed model, the power system control is simulated for different cases of off-grid mode. Simulation results have shown that the management strategy can maintain power balancing while performing optimized control and give a controllable loads and batteries charging/discharging powers, even with unpredictability of RESs powers outputs and arbitrary energy tariffs. Finally, the proposed algorithm respects the optimization in real-time operation under various constraints.%