869 research outputs found
In transition between child and adult services for young people with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); the need for transition and the use and usefulness of the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines
This thesis focussed on the transition between child and adult services for young people with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). It aimed to estimate the incidence of transition, and identify guidelines and protocols for transition and how these are implemented. It also considers the influence of the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines within current health service provision. A multi-method approach was used. A systematic review of existing guidelines for ADHD transition was conducted, providing an overview of current literature. A surveillance study was carried out to estimate the incidence of transition, and to identify whether clinicians adhere to the elements of optimal transition. Clinicians from the surveillance study were invited to participate in a qualitative interview, to gain further insight into their perspectives of the NICE guidelines and how these are used. Finally, the NICE guidelines are considered in a legal context and the question of whether the law can play a part in the transition of young people with ADHD is discussed. In 2016, 315 young people in the British Isles required a transition to an adult service, but only 22% of them completed the transition and were seen in the adult service. An estimated incidence rate of transition was calculated between 202.9 and 511.2 per 100,000 population aged 17-19 per year. The estimated rate of successful transition ranged between 38.5 and 96.9 per 100,000 population aged 17-19 per year. The only available guidelines for transition are the NICE guidelines, and any locally produced protocols are based on what NICE recommend. Interviews with clinicians (n=38) indicated that information transfer occurs between services, but joint working and continuity of care is often not evident, despite the surveillance study demonstrating that a period of joint working is a strong predictor of successful transition. Full implementation of the NICE guidelines could enhance the transition process and have a positive impact on the wellbeing of the young person. However, NICE guidelines are not mandatory, and adherence is poor. In summary, the findings of this thesis highlight the substantial need for transition in ADHD. Current practice does not closely follow the NICE guidelines. Considering the long term implications of poorly managed ADHD and transition for young people and society, it raises questions about the purpose of NICE guidelines if there is a lack of adherence, and clinicians do not consider them a priority
On the Spatial Correlations of Lyman Break Galaxies
Motivated by the observed discrepancy between the strong spatial correlations
of Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) and their velocity dispersions, we consider a
theoretical model in which these starbursting galaxies are associated with dark
matter halos that experience appreciable infall of material. We show using
numerical simulation that selecting halos that substantially increase in mass
within a fixed time interval introduces a ``temporal bias'' which boosts their
clustering above that of the underlying population. If time intervals
consistent with the observed LBGs star formation rates of 50 solar masses per
year are chosen, then spatial correlations are enhanced by up to a factor of
two. These values roughly correspond to the geometrical bias of objects three
times as massive. Thus, it is clear that temporal biasing must be taken into
account when interpreting the properties of Lyman break galaxies.Comment: 5 Pages, 2 Figures, Accepted for Publication in ApJ Letter
Confronting cold dark matter cosmologies with strong clustering of Lyman break galaxies at
We perform a detailed analysis of the statistical significance of a
concentration of Lyman break galaxies at recently discovered by
Steidel et al. (1997), using a series of N-body simulations with
particles in a (100\himpc)^3 comoving box. While the observed number density
of Lyman break galaxies at implies that they correspond to systems
with dark matter halos of \simlt 10^{12}M_\odot, the resulting clustering of
such objects on average is not strong enough to be reconciled with the
concentration if it is fairly common; we predict one similar concentration
approximately per () fields in three representative cold dark matter
models. Considering the current observational uncertainty of the frequency of
such clustering at , it would be premature to rule out the models, but
the future spectroscopic surveys in a dozen fields could definitely challenge
all the existing cosmological models a posteriori fitted to the universe.Comment: the final version which matchs that published in ApJ Letters (Feb
1998); compared with the previous versions, the predictions for the SCDM
model are slightly changed; Latex, 11 pages, including 3 ps figure
Some Fixed Point Results of Ciric-Type Contraction Mappings on Ordered G-Partial Metric Spaces
We introduce the concept of generalized quasi-contraction mappings in G-partial metric spaces
and prove some fixed point results in ordered G-partial metric spaces. The results generalize and
extend some recent results in literature
On the Equivalence of Stochastic Fixed Point Iterations for Generalized Contractive-Like Operators
We present the equivalence of some stochastic fixed point iterative algorithms by proving the equivalence between the convergence of random implicit Jungck-Kirk-multistep, random implicit Jungck-Kirk-Noor, random implicit Jungck-Kirk-Ishikawa, and random implicit Jungck-Kirk-Mann iterative algorithms for generalized φ-contractive-like random operators defined on separable Banach spaces
Anisotropic Galactic Outflows and Enrichment of the Intergalactic Medium. I: Monte Carlo Simulations
We have developed an analytical model to describe the evolution of
anisotropic galactic outflows. With it, we investigate the impact of varying
opening angle on galaxy formation and the evolution of the IGM. We have
implemented this model in a Monte Carlo algorithm to simulate galaxy formation
and outflows in a cosmological context. Using this algorithm, we have simulated
the evolution of a comoving volume of size [12h^(-1)Mpc]^3 in the LCDM
universe. Starting from a Gaussian density field at redshift z=24, we follow
the formation of ~20,000 galaxies, and simulate the galactic outflows produced
by these galaxies. When these outflows collide with density peaks, ram pressure
stripping of the gas inside the peak may result. This occurs in around half the
cases and prevents the formation of galaxies. Anisotropic outflows follow the
path of least resistance, and thus travel preferentially into low-density
regions, away from cosmological structures (filaments and pancakes) where
galaxies form. As a result, the number of collisions is reduced, leading to the
formation of a larger number of galaxies. Anisotropic outflows can
significantly enrich low-density systems with metals. Conversely, the
cross-pollution in metals of objects located in a common cosmological
structure, like a filament, is significantly reduced. Highly anisotropic
outflows can travel across cosmological voids and deposit metals in other,
unrelated cosmological structures.Comment: 32 pages, 9 figures (2 color). Revised version accepted in Ap
Toward an Improved Analytical Description of Lagrangian Bias
We carry out a detailed numerical investigation of the spatial correlation
function of the initial positions of cosmological dark matter halos. In this
Lagrangian coordinate system, which is especially useful for analytic studies
of cosmological feedback, we are able to construct cross-correlation functions
of objects with varying masses and formation redshifts and compare them with a
variety of analytical approaches. For the case in which both formation
redshifts are equal, we find good agreement between our numerical results and
the bivariate model of Scannapieco & Barkana (2002; SB02) at all masses,
redshifts, and separations, while the model of Porciani et al. (1998) does well
for all parameters except for objects with different masses at small
separations. We find that the standard mapping between Lagrangian and Eulerian
bias performs well for rare objects at all separations, but fails if the
objects are highly-nonlinear (low-sigma) peaks. In the Lagrangian case in which
the formation redshifts differ, the SB02 model does well for all separations
and combinations of masses, apart from a discrepancy at small separations in
situations in which the smaller object is formed earlier and the difference
between redshifts or masses is large. As this same limitation arises in the
standard approach to the single-point progenitor distribution developed by
Lacey & Cole (1993), we conclude that a more complete understanding of the
progenitor distribution is the most important outstanding issue in the analytic
modeling of Lagrangian bias.Comment: 22 pages, 8 figures, ApJ, in pres
Hubble Space Telescope weak lensing study of the z=0.83 cluster MS 1054-03
We have measured the weak gravitational lensing signal of MS 1054-03, a rich
and X-ray luminous cluster of galaxies at a redshift of z=0.83, using a
two-colour mosaic of deep WFPC2 images. The small corrections for the size of
the PSF and the high number density of background galaxies obtained in these
observations result in an accurate and well calibrated measurement of the
lensing induced distortion. The strength of the lensing signal depends on the
redshift distribution of the background galaxies. We used photometric redshift
distributions from the Northern and Southern Hubble Deep Fields to relate the
lensing signal to the mass. The predicted variations of the signal as a
function of apparent source magnitude and colour agrees well with the observed
lensing signal. We determine a mass of (1.2+-0.2)x10^15 Msun within an aperture
of radius 1 Mpc. Under the assumption of an isothermal mass distribution, the
corresponding velocity dispersion is 1311^{+83}_{-89} km/s. For the
mass-to-light ratio we find 269+-37 Msun/Lsun. The errors in the mass and
mass-to-light ratio include the contribution from the random intrinsic
ellipticities of the source galaxies, but not the (systematic) error due to the
uncertainty in the redshift distribution. However, the estimates for the mass
and mass-to-light ratio of MS 1054-03 agree well with other estimators,
suggesting that the mass calibration works well. The reconstruction of the
projected mass surface density shows a complex mass distribution, consistent
with the light distribution. The results indicate that MS 1054-03 is a young
system. The timescale for relaxation is estimated to be at least 1 Gyr.
Averaging the tangential shear around the cluster galaxies, we find that the
velocity dispersion of an Lstar galaxy is 203+-33 km/s.Comment: 21 pages, Latex, with 27 figures (3 figures bitmapped), ApJ, in
press. Version (with non-bitmapped figures) available at
http://www.astro.rug.nl/~hoekstra/papers.htm
The impact of active stakeholder involvement on recruitment, retention and engagement of schools, children and their families in the cluster randomised controlled trial of the Healthy Lifestyles Programme (HeLP): a school-based intervention to prevent obesity
This is the final version of the article. Available from BioMed Central via the DOI in this record.BACKGROUND: Recruitment and retention of participants is crucial for statistical power and internal and external validity and participant engagement is essential for behaviour change. However, many school-based interventions focus on programme content rather than the building of supportive relationships with all participants and tend to employ specific standalone strategies, such as incentives, to improve retention. We believe that actively involving stakeholders in both intervention and trial design improves recruitment and retention and increases the chances of creating an effective intervention. METHODS: The Healthy Lifestyles Programme, HeLP (an obesity prevention programme for children 9-10 years old) was developed using intervention mapping and involved extensive stakeholder involvement in both the design of the trial and the intervention to ensure that: (i) delivery methods were suitably engaging, (ii) deliverers had the necessary skills and qualities to build relationships and (iii) the intervention dovetailed with the National Curriculum. HeLP was a year-long intervention consisting of 4 multi-component phases using a range of delivery methods. We recruited 1324 children from 32 schools from the South West of England to a cluster-randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of HeLP in preventing obesity. The primary outcome was change in body mass index standard deviation score (BMI SDS) at 24Â months post randomisation. Secondary outcomes included additional anthropometric and behavioural (physical activity and diet) measures at 18 and 24Â months. RESULTS: Anthropometric and behavioural measures were taken in 99%, 96% and 94% of children at baseline, 18 and 24Â months, respectively, with no differential follow up between the control and intervention groups at each time point. All children participated in the programme and 92% of children and 77% of parents across the socio-economic spectrum were considered to have actively engaged with HeLP. CONCLUSIONS: We attribute our excellent retention and engagement results to the high level of stakeholder involvement in both trial and intervention design, the building of relationships using appropriate personnel and creative delivery methods that are accessible to children and their families across the social spectrum. TRIAL REGISTRATION: International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials Register, ISRCTN15811706 . Registered on 1 May 2012.The UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Public Health Research Programme (10/3010/01) funded all research activities for the HeLP RCT. The costs of the intervention were funded by the Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry
Physical Bias of Galaxies From Large-Scale Hydrodynamic Simulations
We analyze a new large-scale (Mpc) numerical hydrodynamic
simulation of the popular CDM cosmological model, including in our
treatment dark matter, gas and star-formation, on the basis of standard
physical processes. The method, applied with a numerical resolution of
kpc (which is still quite coarse for following individual galaxies,
especially in dense regions), attempts to estimate where and when galaxies
form. We then compare the smoothed galaxy distribution with the smoothed mass
distribution to determine the "bias" defined as on scales large compared with the code
numerical resolution (on the basis of resolution tests given in the appendix of
this paper). We find that (holding all variables constant except the quoted
one) bias increases with decreasing scale, with increasing galactic age or
metallicity and with increasing redshift of observations. At the Mpc
fiducial comoving scale bias (for bright regions) is 1.35 at reaching to
3.6 at , both numbers being consistent with extant observations. We also
find that Mpc voids in the distribution of luminous objects are
as observed (i.e., observed voids are not an argument against CDM-like models)
and finally that the younger systems should show a colder Hubble flow than do
the early type galaxies (a testable proposition). Surprisingly, little
evolution is found in the amplitude of the smoothed galaxy-galaxy correlation
function (as a function of {\it comoving} separation). Testing this prediction
vs observations will allow a comparison between this work and that of Kauffmann
et al which is based on a different physical modelingmethod.Comment: in press, ApJ, 26 latex pages plus 7 fig
- …