144 research outputs found
Effect of annealing on the depth profile of hole concentration in (Ga,Mn)As
The effect of annealing at 250 C on the carrier depth profile, Mn
distribution, electrical conductivity, and Curie temperature of (Ga,Mn)As
layers with thicknesses > 200 nm, grown by molecular-beam epitaxy at low
temperatures, is studied by a variety of analytical methods. The vertical
gradient in hole concentration, revealed by electrochemical capacitance-voltage
profiling, is shown to play a key role in the understanding of conductivity and
magnetization data. The gradient, basically already present in as-grown
samples, is strongly influenced by post-growth annealing. From secondary ion
mass spectroscopy it can be concluded that, at least in thick layers, the
change in carrier depth profile and thus in conductivity is not primarily due
to out-diffusion of Mn interstitials during annealing. Two alternative possible
models are discussed.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev.
Subgap anomaly and above-energy-gap structure in chains of diffusive SNS junctions
We present the results of low-temperature transport measurements on chains of
superconductor--normal-constriction--superconductor (SNS) junctions fabricated
on the basis of superconducting PtSi film. A comparative study of the
properties of the chains, consisting of 3 and 20 SNS junctions in series, and
single SNS junctions reveals essential distinctions in the behavior of the
current-voltage characteristics of the systems: (i) the gradual decrease of the
effective suppression voltage for the excess conductivity observed at zero bias
as the quantity of the SNS junctions increases, (ii) a rich fine structure on
the dependences dV/dI-V at dc bias voltages higher than the superconducting gap
and corresponding to some multiples of 2\Delta/e. A model to explain this
above-energy-gap structure based on energy relaxation of electron via
Cooper-pair-breaking in superconducting island connecting normal metal
electrods is proposed.Comment: RevTex, 5 pages, 4 figure
Immunohistochemical localization of fibronectin as a tool for the age determination of human skin wounds
We analyzed the distribution of fibronectin in routinely embedded tissue specimens from 53 skin wounds and 6 postmortem wounds. In postmortem wounds a faint but focal positive staining was exclusively found at the margin of the specimens which dit not extend into the adjacent stroma. Vital wounds were classified into 3 groups. The first comprising lesions with wound ages ranging from a few seconds to 30 min, the second comprising those with wound ages upt to 3 weeks, and the third group with lesions more than 3 weeks old. Ten out of 17 lesions with a wound age up to 30 min showed a clear positive reaction within the wound area. Three specimens in this group were completely negative, while in 4 additional cases the result was not significantly different from postmortem lesions. These 7 cases were characterized by acute death with extremely short survival times (only seconds). In wounds up to 3 weeks old fibronectin formed a distinct network containing an increasing number of inflammatory cells corresponding to the wound age. In 2 cases with a survival time of 17 days and in all wounds older than 3 weeks fibronectin was restricted to the surface of fibroblasts and to parallel arranged fibers in the granulation tissue without any network structures. We present evidence that fibronectin is a useful marker for vital wounds with a survival time of more than a few minutes. Fibronectin appears before neutrophilic granulocytes migrate into the wound area. Since a faint positive fibronectin staining is seen in postmortem lesions and bleedings, we propose that only those wounds which show strong positive fibronectin staining also extending into the adjacent stroma should be regarded as vital
MESSAGEix-Materials v1.0.0: Representation of Material Flows and Stocks in an Integrated Assessment Model
Extracting and processing raw materials into products in industry is a substantial source of CO2 emissions, which currently lacks process detail in many integrated assessment models (IAMs). To broaden the space of climate change mitigation options and to include circular economy and material efficiency measures in IAM scenario analysis, we developed MESSAGEix-Materials module representing material flows and stocks within the MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM IAM framework. With the development of MESSAGEix-Materials, we provide a fully open-source model that can assess different industry decarbonization options under various climate targets for the most energy and emissions-intensive industries: Aluminium, iron and steel, cement, and petrochemicals. We illustrate the model’s operation with a baseline and mitigation (2 degrees) scenario setup and validate base year results for 2020 against historical datasets. We also discuss the industry decarbonization pathways and material stocks of the electricity generation technologies resulting from the new model features
Trapped electron coupled to superconducting devices
We propose to couple a trapped single electron to superconducting structures
located at a variable distance from the electron. The electron is captured in a
cryogenic Penning trap using electric fields and a static magnetic field in the
Tesla range. Measurements on the electron will allow investigating the
properties of the superconductor such as vortex structure, damping and
decoherence. We propose to couple a superconducting microwave resonator to the
electron in order to realize a circuit QED-like experiment, as well as to
couple superconducting Josephson junctions or superconducting quantum
interferometers (SQUIDs) to the electron. The electron may also be coupled to a
vortex which is situated in a double well potential, realized by nearby pinning
centers in the superconductor, acting as a quantum mechanical two level system
that can be controlled by a transport current tilting the double well
potential. When the vortex is trapped in the interferometer arms of a SQUID,
this would allow its detection both by the SQUID and by the electron.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figure
Evidences of vortex curvature and anisotropic pinning in superconducting films by quantitative magneto-optics
We present the experimental observation of magnetic field line curvature at
the surface of a superconducting film by local quantitative magneto-optics. In
addition to the knowledge of the full induction field at the superconductor
surface yielding the quantitative observation of the flux line curvature, our
analysis method allows also local value measurements of the electrical current
density inside the sample. Thus, we study the interplay between the
electrodynamic constraints dictated by the film geometry and the pinning
properties of the superconductor. In particular, we investigate the anisotropic
vortex-pinning, due to columnar defects introduced by heavy ion irradiation, as
revealed in the local current density dependence on the vortex curvature during
magnetic flux diffusion inside the superconducting film.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures, to be submitted to Phys. Rev.
Magnetic Properties of Cluster Glassy Ni/NiO Core–Shell Nanoparticles: an Investigation of Their Static and Dynamic Magnetization
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