Position space formulation for Dirac fermions on honeycomb lattice

We study how to construct Dirac fermion defined on the honeycomb lattice in position space. Starting from the nearest neighbor interaction in tight binding model, we show that the Hamiltonian is constructed by kinetic term and second derivative term of three flavor Dirac fermions in which one flavor has a mass of cutoff order and the other flavors are massless. In this formulation the structure of the Dirac point is simplified so that its uniqueness can be easily shown even if we consider the next-nearest neighbor interaction. We also show the chiral symmetry at finite lattice spacing, which protects the masslessness of the Dirac fermion, and discuss the analogy with the staggered fermion formulation.Comment: 19 pages, 7 figure

Tervisestatistika Eestis ja Euroopas

Tervise Arengu Instituudi (TAI) tervisestatistika osakonnal valmis selle aasta veebruari alguses teatmik „Tervise statistika Eestis ja Euroopas 2007“ (1), mis koondab valikut Euroopa Liidu ja Eesti tervisevaldkonna statistikast 2007. aasta kohta. Eesti Arst 2010; 89(4):236−23

Greenwashing and Capitalist Production of Urban Space: A case study in Iskandar Malaysia

Production of urban space is an indispensable component of capitalism. Without production of urban space, capitalism cannot sustain capital accumulation and cope with over-accumulation crises. However, as environmental consciousness grows, urban development projects are increasingly exposed to green pressures and demands because of their associated eco-climatic impacts. One possible way for capitalists to reconcile such pressures and demands with capital accumulation is to develop sustainable ‘capitalist’ cities that rely heavily on techno-fixes. However, to make such ‘techno-fixed’ capitalist cities really sustainable from the ‘true’ sustainability perspective is a tall task. Thus, a more feasible and pragmatic strategy for capitalists is to greenwash their urban development projects. By greenwashing, a capitalist urban project can not only seemingly adapt to green pressures, but also increase its exchange values by satisfying the lucrative green demands of environmentally conscious rich consumers. Thus, urban greenwashing can be theorized to have two functions: (1) obscuring environmental damages associated with a project, while, (2) increasing the exchange value of the project. These two functions can be empirically confirmed by analyzing the relation between (i) the degree of environmental destruction associated with the project and (ii) the degree of ‘promised (or advertised)’ greenness of the project; and the relation between (ii) and (iii) the price level of the project. If we can observe a positive relation between (i) a level of environmental destruction and (ii) a promised greenness, we can conclude that the promised greenness of the project is used, as a greenwashing function (1), for obscuring its environmental damage (and this means, by definition, the project is greenwashed). Similarly, if we can observe a positive relation between (ii) the promised greenness and (iii) a price level, we can conclude that the promised greenness of the project is used, as a greenwashing function (2), for enhancing market competitiveness, and thus the exchange value, of the project. Based on an urban greenwashing framework developed in this thesis and using Iskandar Malaysia project as a case study, this thesis operationalizes and quantifies (i) the environmental destruction; (ii) the promised greenness; and (iii) the price level of 38 target residential projects within the Iskandar region, and empirically confirmed positive relations between (i)-(ii) and (ii)-(iii)