595 research outputs found
Azimuthal modulation of the event rate of cosmic ray extensive air showers by the geomagnetic field
The Earth's magnetic field effect on the azimuthal distribution of extensive
air showers (EAS) of cosmic rays has been evaluated using a bulk of the Yakutsk
array data. The uniform azimuthal distribution of the EAS event rate is
rejected at the significance level 10^(-14). Amplitude of the first harmonics
of observed distribution depends on zenith angle as A1=0.2*sin^2(theta) and is
almost independent of the primary energy; the phase coincides with the magnetic
meridian. Basing upon the value of measured effect, the correction factor has
been derived for the particle density depending on a geomagnetic parameter of a
shower.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures in ps file
ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ: ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
The subject of research is economic interactions related to the implementation of an investment project within the framework of an agreement on the protection and promotion of investments (hereinafter referred to as the APCI).Purpose: methodological substantiation of the expediency of providing state support measures to ensure the minimum profitability of an investment project implemented within the framework of the APCI.Objectives: to propose an indicator that reflects the minimum profitability of an investment project, the mechanism for its usage to determine state support measures, additional state support measures in cases where they are not sufficiently established in the legislation.Methods: analysis of approaches to determining the discount rate; statistical (observation, grouping, method of indicators) for calculating industry-specific ROIC values; content analysis to select state support measures.Results: it is proposed to use the ROIC indicator as the minimum profitability of a commercial investment project. The indicator was calculated according to the data of all organizations that are not subjects of medium and small enterprises operating in the period 2012β2021. The sample included 133 organizations that make up eight subclasses of Russian classifier of types of economic activity (pulp and paper production; production of fertilizers and nitrogen compounds; production of pesticides, etc.; production of paints, varnishes, etc.; production of pharmaceutical substances; production of medicines; activities in the field of telecommunications; development of computer software). Based on the data from 1011 observations, the median value of ROIC for each subclass was calculated, the reliability of which is confirmed by the approved minimum rates of return on invested capital for calculating the tariffs of regulated organizations. A mechanism is proposed for using ROIC to determine state support measures within the framework of the APCI, including: determining the median value of ROIC for foreign economic activity, calculating ROIC for an investment project, and determining state support measures by their ratio. As additional measures of state support within the framework of the APCI, it is proposed to establish tax preferences (lower tax rates, tax benefits, tax deductions), as well as accelerated depreciation of fixed assets. The proposed developments create a methodological basis for substantiating the provision of various state support measures within the framework of the APCI.ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ βΒ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ (Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅ βΒ Π‘ΠΠΠ).Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ: ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π‘ΠΠΠ.ΠΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ: ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ: Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ; ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ (Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ) Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ROIC; ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ: Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ROIC. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ 2012β2021 Π³Π³. Π Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΊΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ 133 ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠΠΠΠ (ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈ; ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ; ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄Ρ.; ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊ, Π»Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄Ρ.; ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ; ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²; Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ; ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ). ΠΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ 1011 Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ROIC Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ROIC Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π‘ΠΠΠ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ: ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ROIC ΠΏΠΎ ΠΠΠ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ROIC ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π‘ΠΠΠ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ, Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΡ, Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ². ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π‘ΠΠΠ
The 1986?1989 ENSO cycle in a chemical climate model
International audienceA pronounced ENSO cycle occurred from 1986 to 1989, accompanied by distinct dynamical and chemical anomalies in the global troposphere and stratosphere. Reproducing these effects with current climate models not only provides a model test but also contributes to our still limited understanding of ENSO's effect on stratosphere-troposphere coupling. We performed several sets of ensemble simulations with a chemical climate model (SOCOL) forced with global sea surface temperatures. Results were compared with observations and with large-ensemble simulations performed with an atmospheric general circulation model (MRF9). We focus our analysis on the extratropical stratosphere and its coupling with the troposphere. In this context, the circulation over the North Atlantic sector is particularly important. Observed differences between the El NiΓ±o winter 1987 and the La NiΓ±a winter 1989 include a negative North Atlantic Oscillation index with corresponding changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, a weak polar vortex, a warm Arctic middle stratosphere, negative and positive total ozone anomalies in the tropics and at middle to high latitudes, respectively, as well as anomalous upward and poleward Eliassen-Palm (EP) flux in the midlatitude lower stratosphere. Most of the tropospheric features are well reproduced in the ensemble means in both models, though the amplitudes are underestimated. In the stratosphere, the SOCOL simulations compare well with observations with respect to zonal wind, temperature, EP flux, and ozone, but magnitudes are underestimated in the middle stratosphere. The polar vortex strength is well reproduced, but within-ensemble variability is too large for obtaining a significant signal in Arctic temperature and ozone. With respect to the mechanisms relating ENSO to stratospheric circulation, the results suggest that both, upward and poleward components of anomalous EP flux are important for obtaining the stratospheric signal and that an increase in strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation is part of that signal
Spatial beam self-cleaning and supercontinuum generation with Yb-doped multimode graded-index fiber taper based on accelerating self-imaging and dissipative landscape
We experimentally demonstrate spatial beam self-cleaning and supercontinuum generation in a tapered Ytterbium-doped multimode optical fiber with parabolic core refractive index profile when 1064β
nm pulsed beams propagate from wider (122β
Β΅m) into smaller (37β
Β΅m) diameter. In the passive mode, increasing the input beam peak power above 20β
kW leads to a bell-shaped output beam profile. In the active configuration, gain from the pump laser diode permits to combine beam self-cleaning with supercontinuum generation between 520-2600β
nm. By taper cut-back, we observed that the dissipative landscape, i.e., a non-monotonic variation of the average beam power along the MMF, leads to modal transitions of self-cleaned beams along the taper length
On the Cauchy Problem for the Korteweg-de Vries Equation with Steplike Finite-Gap Initial Data I. Schwartz-Type Perturbations
We solve the Cauchy problem for the Korteweg-de Vries equation with initial
conditions which are steplike Schwartz-type perturbations of finite-gap
potentials under the assumption that the respective spectral bands either
coincide or are disjoint.Comment: 29 page
Long-Time Asymptotics of Perturbed Finite-Gap Korteweg-de Vries Solutions
We apply the method of nonlinear steepest descent to compute the long-time
asymptotics of solutions of the Korteweg--de Vries equation which are decaying
perturbations of a quasi-periodic finite-gap background solution. We compute a
nonlinear dispersion relation and show that the plane splits into
soliton regions which are interlaced by oscillatory regions, where
is the number of spectral gaps.
In the soliton regions the solution is asymptotically given by a number of
solitons travelling on top of finite-gap solutions which are in the same
isospectral class as the background solution. In the oscillatory region the
solution can be described by a modulated finite-gap solution plus a decaying
dispersive tail. The modulation is given by phase transition on the isospectral
torus and is, together with the dispersive tail, explicitly characterized in
terms of Abelian integrals on the underlying hyperelliptic curve.Comment: 45 pages. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with
arXiv:0705.034
About optimal loss function for training physics-informed neural networks under respecting causality
A method is presented that allows to reduce a problem described by
differential equations with initial and boundary conditions to the problem
described only by differential equations. The advantage of using the modified
problem for physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) methodology is that it
becomes possible to represent the loss function in the form of a single term
associated with differential equations, thus eliminating the need to tune the
scaling coefficients for the terms related to boundary and initial conditions.
The weighted loss functions respecting causality were modified and new weighted
loss functions based on generalized functions are derived. Numerical
experiments have been carried out for a number of problems, demonstrating the
accuracy of the proposed methods.Comment: 25 pages, 7 figures, 6 table
Muon content of ultra-high-energy air showers: Yakutsk data versus simulations
We analyse a sample of 33 extensive air showers (EAS) with estimated primary
energies above 2\cdot 10^{19} eV and high-quality muon data recorded by the
Yakutsk EAS array. We compare, event-by-event, the observed muon density to
that expected from CORSIKA simulations for primary protons and iron, using
SIBYLL and EPOS hadronic interaction models. The study suggests the presence of
two distinct hadronic components, ``light'' and ``heavy''. Simulations with
EPOS are in a good agreement with the expected composition in which the light
component corresponds to protons and the heavy component to iron-like nuclei.
With SYBILL, simulated muon densities for iron primaries are a factor of \sim
1.5 less than those observed for the heavy component, for the same
electromagnetic signal. Assuming two-component proton-iron composition and the
EPOS model, the fraction of protons with energies E>10^{19} eV is
0.52^{+0.19}_{-0.20} at 95% confidence level.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures; v2: replaced with journal versio
Real-time observation of multiexcitonic states in ultrafast singlet fission using coherent 2D electronic spectroscopy.
Singlet fission is the spin-allowed conversion of a spin-singlet exciton into a pair of spin-triplet excitons residing on neighbouring molecules. To rationalize this phenomenon, a multiexcitonic spin-zero triplet-pair state has been hypothesized as an intermediate in singlet fission. However, the nature of the intermediate states and the underlying mechanism of ultrafast fission have not been elucidated experimentally. Here, we study a series of pentacene derivatives using ultrafast two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy and unravel the origin of the states involved in fission. Our data reveal the crucial role of vibrational degrees of freedom coupled to electronic excitations that facilitate the mixing of multiexcitonic states with singlet excitons. The resulting manifold of vibronic states drives sub-100β
fs fission with unity efficiency. Our results provide a framework for understanding singlet fission and show how the formation of vibronic manifolds with a high density of states facilitates fast and efficient electronic processes in molecular systems.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from NPG via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.237
Laser acceleration of ion beams
We consider methods of charged particle acceleration by means of
high-intensity lasers. As an application we discuss a laser booster for heavy
ion beams provided, e.g. by the Dubna nuclotron. Simple estimates show that a
cascade of crossed laser beams would be necessary to provide additional
acceleration to gold ions of the order of GeV/nucleon.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, Talk at the Helmholtz International Summer School
"Dense Matter in heavy Ion Collisions and Astrophysics", August 21 -
September 1, 2006, JINR Dubna, Russia; v2, misprints correcte
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