Effects of different manure types (slurry and solid cattle manure, SCM) and manure management practices on indicators of productive, environmental and economic farm performances.

*<p>Delayed mowing, use of zeolite manure additive, storage under an impermeable cover (sealed), and irrigation after application.</p

Nitrogen flows (kg N/ha/year) for a dairy farm in steady state with delayed mowing of grassland, producing SCM and using zeolite as bedding additive, manure storage under an impermeable sheet, and irrigation after application (scenario DMZUI in Fig.

<p><b>4).</b></p

Dynamics of soil organic carbon (a, f, k) and nitrogen (b, g, l), inorganic nitrogen (c, h, m), N volatilization (d, i, n) and N soil losses (e, j, o) as affected by individual or combined management practices.

<p>Management scenarios were varied across columns: manure types (a-e), storage methods (f-j), and manure additives (k-o). Legends apply per column, with manure types (S = slurry, M = solid cattle manure), manure additives (T = farm topsoil, Z = zeolite, L = lava meal), storage methods (C = composting, R = roofed storage, U = impermeable sheet), I = irrigation, D = delayed mowing.</p

Conversions and losses of organic and inorganic nitrogen (<i>s</i> and <i>n</i>) in excreted cattle manure as affected by events and processes in the consecutive stages of the manure handling chain on a farm.

<p>The arrows indicate flows of nitrogen between the pools.</p

Relation between available inorganic N (<i>n</i>), uptake by the grassland (U) and biomass production (Y) for total (solid line) and harvested (dashed line) biomass.

<p>The dotted line indicates the annual withdrawal of inorganic N, N soil losses are calculated as the difference between this line and N uptake in total biomass in a.</p