The staging of gastritis with the olga system in the italian setting. histological features and gastric cancer risk

BACKGROUND: Recently OLGA (Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment) classification has been proposed to identify high-risk forms of gastritis that can evolve in gastric cancer (stages III and IV). Helicobacter pylori infection and age older than 40 have been considered as independent risk factor for high-risk OLGA stages

Role of determination of partial pressure of ammonia in cirrhotic patients with and without hepatic encephalopathy

Background/Aims: To compare venous, arterial and partial pressure of ammonia (pNH(3)) in 27 consecutive cirrhotics with hepatic encephalopathy, 15 cirrhotics without hepatic encephalopathy and nine controls; to reevaluate all parameters after the improvement of encephalopathy. Methods: Patients were studied by clinical examination and psychometric testing. pNH(3) was calculated from arterial ammonia and pH. Results: In patients with encephalopathy, each form of ammonia was higher than in both controls and patients without encephalopathy. The correlation with the severity of hepatic encephalopathy was similar for venous (r=0.72), arterial ammonia (r=0.76) and pNH(3) (r=0.75). The sensitivity and specificity of each variable in correctly classifying the patients as having or not having hepatic encephalopathy was also similar. Each form of ammonia decreased after the resolution or amelioration of symptoms. However, even in the 17 patients with complete resolution of hepatic encephalopathy, all three ammonia determinations resulted unchanged or increased in some patients. Conclusions: Despite the significant correlation between pNH3 and hepatic encephalopathy, our study suggests that neither pNH3 nor arterial ammonia are, from a clinical point of view, more useful than venous ammonia: all three determinations being limited both for the diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy and for the clinical management of the patients. (C) 2003 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved