Speed-based high-intensity interval approach as an alternative to heart rate training: similar gain with less pain

The aims of this study were to: 1) compare the effects of speed-based versus heart-rate-based high-intensity interval training (HIT) on changes in high-intensity intermittent running performance, and 2) examine between-group differences in heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) responses during the training sessions. Sixteen female students were divided into the HR-based (n=8, M±SD, age 17.3±0.2 years, body mass, 59.2±5.7 kg, and body height, 167.8±2.2 cm) and speed-based (n=8, age 17.2±0.3 years, body mass, 57.7±6.4 kg, and body height, 171.0±5.1 cm) groups before commencing the HIT intervention. After completing five weeks of HIT, both the HR-based and speed-based groups showed most likely moderate enhancement in high-intensity intermittent running performance (+9%, 90% confidence limits [CL] [6.4; 11.7]; standardized change [ES] +1.04 [0.75; 1.33]) and (+9.2%, [6.0; 12.5]; +1.09 [0.73; 1.46]), respectively. However, the difference between the experimental groups with regards to changes in high-intensity running performance was trivial. Between-group differences of weekly average HR and RPE responses showed trivial to moderate (ES range; -0.95; 0.15) and moderate to very large (ES: -0.63; -2.88) values, respectively. Although it seems that both the speed-based and HR-based HIT approaches have some limitations when implementing for HIT individualization, using the speed reached at the end of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness test (VIFT) seems to elicit the same performance enhancement, but with lower psychophysiological responses during short-term interventions

The effect of endurance training on the cardiac apelin gene expression in Wistar male rats

زمینه و هدف: اپلین، پروتئین مؤثر بر عملکرد عروق می باشد که به فراوانی در بافت قلبی میوکارد پستانداران دیده می شود. این پپتید و گیرنده‌ی آن در لایه میانی آئورت و شریان‌های کرونری به خوبی شناسایی شده‌اند. اپلین دارای کارکردهای قلبی عروقی گوناگون می ‌باشد و سبب کاهش فشار خون می‌شود، لذا هدف از تحقیق حاضر بررسی اثر یک دوره تمرین استقامتی بر بیان ژن اپلین در بطن چپ قلب موش‌های نر نژاد ویستار است. روش بررسی: در تحقیق تجربی حاضر تعداد 12 عدد موش صحرائی به دو گروه کنترل و تجربی تقسیم شدند. موش‌های گروه تجربی (6n=) مدت 8 هفته، 5 روز در هفته، با سرعت متوسط 28 متر در دقیقه (شیب صفر درجه) و به مدت 60 دقیقه، روی نوار گردان تمرین داده شدند. 24 ساعت پس از آخرین جلسه‌ی تمرین ورزشی، رت ها بیهوش شدند. پس از شکاف سینه، بافت قلب جدا شد، سپس RNA هر نمونه تبدیل به cDNA شد. پس از پایان واکنش و تعیین خط آستانه، سیکل آستانه ژن مورد نظر با ژن خانه‌ گردان میزان بیان نسبی ژن اپلین نظر از روش 2-∆∆Ct به دست آمد. برای تجزیه تحلیل داده ها از آزمون t مستقل استفاده شد. یافته ها: نتایج به روشنی نشان داد که بیان ژن اپلین پس از 8 هفته تمرین استقامتی نسبت به گروه کنترل افزایش معنی دار (2 برابر) یافته است (05/0>P). نتیجه گیری: تمرینات استقامتی بر افزایش بیان ژن اپلین تاثیر مثبتی داشته و بدین وسیله می تواند در پیشگیری از بیماری قلبی عروقی موثر می باشد

The Effects of Basic Gymnastic Trainings on Postural Stability in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Introduction: Balance disorders are major motor complications in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Physical exercise can improve motor complications in patients with this disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of basic gymnastics exercises on the postural stability in children with autism spectrum disorder. Materials and Methods: 20 boys with autism spectrum disorder participated in a controlled pre-post clinical trial study. Participants were divided in two 10-participant groups of case and control based on their scores in Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-II. The participants in the case group were trained with basic gymnastic exercises for 12 weeks (three sessions per week), each session lasted 45 minutes. The control group did not participate in any exercise during this time. Postural stability was measured using a force plate. Data were analyzed using multivariate ANOVA test while significant level was set at 0.05. Results: In post-test, less center of pressure oscillation was observed in the case group (657 ± 143 mm) compared to control group (1057 ± 311 mm) (P = 0.013). In the case group, the center of pressure oscillation was significantly reduced after gymnastic exercise (P = 0.001); but the changes were not significant in control group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: It seems that gymnastic training improves the postural stability through the reduction in the length of postural sway

A 90 minute soccer match decreases triglyceride and low density lipoprotein but not high-density lipoprotein and cholesterol levels

<ul><li><strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;">BACKGROUND: </span></strong>The association between the lipid profiles level and the incidence and severity of coronary heart disease (CHD) is very pronounced in epidemiological studies, and an inverse relation between physical fitness and the incidence of coronary heart disease has been observed in many studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a soccer match on lipid parameters of professional soccer players.</li><li><strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;">METHODS:</span></strong> Twenty two professional soccer players<sup> </sup>participated in the study.<strong> </strong>Blood (10ml) for determination of lipid profiles was obtained at rest and immediately after a 90 minute soccer match. Lipid parameters were measured using<span style="color: black;"> Boehringer Mannheim kits and Clinilab and BioMerieux analyser.</span><strong></strong></li><li><strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;">RESULTS: </span></strong>The results of this study showed that the triglyceride was significantly higher before the match than afterwards (159.09 <span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>±</span></span> 58.2 vs. 88.63 <span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>±</span></span> 34.1 mg/dl, p < 0.001), whereas the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was lower before the match than after it (98.04 <span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>±</span></span> 28.9 vs. 112.31 <span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>±</span></span> 30.5 mg/dl). Moreover, there were no significant differences in cholesterol concentration (171.4 <span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>±</span></span> 30.28 mg/dl vs. 173.18 <span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>±</span></span> 32.75 mg/dl) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration (34.04 <span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>±</span></span> 5.58 mg/dl vs. 34.4 <span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>±</span></span> 4.6 mg/dl) between before and after the match.</li><li><strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;">CONCLUSIONS:</span></strong><span> </span>Although the soccer competitive match has no favourable acute effect on lipid profiles, the lower rate of LDL, cholesterol and triglyceride as well as the higher level of HDL in players suggest a beneficial effect of regular soccer training on arthrosclerosis and perhaps on CHD risk as well.</li><li><strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;">KEYWORD</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 8pt;">S:</span> </strong>Coronary Heart Disease, Triglyceride, Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein, High-Density Lipoprotein, Soccer.</li></ul><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <mce:style><! /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} --> <!--[endif]--&gt

The Effects of Heart Rate Versus Speed-Based High-Intensity Interval Training on Heart Rate Variability in Young Females

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIT) prescription by heart rate (HR-based) and running speed (speed-based) methods on natural logarithm of the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals (Ln rMSSD) as a measure of heart rate variability (HRV) in young female student athletes. Methods: Seventeen female student athletes participated in this study and were divided into HR-based (n=9, age: 16.7 years) and speed-based (n=8, age: 16.9 years) HIT groups. 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test was used for the speed-based group to detect the reference maximum speed (VIFT) for prescribing the HIT intensity accordingly. Age predicted maximal HR was used for the HR-based group as the reference value. All subjects performed similar training protocol for 5 weeks, except the method of individualizing HIT sessions (2 weekly sessions of HIT=3 sets of 3 minutes work interspersed with 3 minutes passive recovery with the 15-15 seconds format during each working set); either according to 90%-95% of maximal HR or VIFT. Results: HR- and speed-based HIT groups showed the most likely large improvements in Ln rMSSD of +7.9%, 90% confidence limits [CL] (5.9; 10.0); standardized change: +1.75 (1.32; 2.19) and +5.5%, (2.8; 8.3); +1.41 (0.72; 2.09), respectively. In between group analyses, HR-based HIT produced likely a small greater improvement in Ln rMSSD than speed-based HIT (+1.9%, [-5.0; 4.4]; +0.50 [-0.14; 1.14], chances for greater/similar/lower values of 79/17/4). Conclusion: It is concluded that both HIT prescription strategies were effective in Ln rMSSD elevation, but using maximal HR as a reference may elicit higher parasympathetic dominance with small effect in young female student athletes

The effect of Fifa 11+ injury prevention program on hamstrings and quadriceps isometric muscle strength in Iranian young professional soccer players

Introduction: There is no surprise that the knee is the most common injured joints in soccer players. Also muscles strength is known as one of the most important factors for preventing muscle and ligament injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of FIFA 11+ injury prevention program on knee isometric muscle strength in young professional male soccer players. Materials and Methods: Isometric knee strength was assessed in twenty four professional soccer players. They classified equally into two experimental and control groups. Parameters were measured by Biodex (version 3) in 30°, 60°, and 90° knee flexion angles. Paired and Independent sample t-test, and two-way repeated measures ANOVA were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the quadriceps’ isometric strength in 90-degree was significantly higher in pre-test than post-test (P ≤ 0.05). Significant difference was observed in quadriceps’ peak torque in control and experimental groups in 30 degree (P < 0.001), 60 degree (P ≤ 0.05), and 90 degree knee flexions (P ≤ 0.05). In experimental group, there is statistically significant between three knee flexion angles in quadriceps peak torque (P < 0.001), while maximum peak torque was found in 90 degree (303.6 N/m). Prominent differences in hamstrings’ peak torque were seen between three knee flexion angles of experimental group (P < 0.001). Maximum torque produced by the hamstring muscles was discovered in 30 degree knee flexion (155.1 N/m). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the FIFA 11+ program could be an effective muscle strengthening training in young professional soccer players to improve knee muscles endurance and strength. It is recommended that more exercises program which aimed to increase hamstring strength such as hamstring curl should be added to FIFA 11+ training program. Keywords: FIFA 11+, Soccer, Hamstrings, Quadricep

The Effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on quality of life and pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory disease in which joint pain is considered as the most important problem for those with the disease. Joint pain and stiffness cause low mobility in affected people which eventually will result in reduced quality of their life. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an 8-week aerobic exercise on the quality of life and the level of pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Materials and methods: In this study, patients with rheumatoid arthritis (age range 38 to 65 years) who was referred to and subsequently treated in AL Zahra Hospital (Isfahan-Iran) and their medication did not change during study period were examined. Of this population, those patients who had no experience of attending any sporting activity during the six months prior to the study period and had neither acute and chronic diseases nor mental and psychological problems were selected as the subjects of this study (n = 23). Subjects were randomly assigned to control (n = 12) and experimental (n = 11) groups. Patients in experimental group underwent an 8-week aerobic exercise program while the control group did not receive any exercise program. Quality of life of patients was measured using the short form 36 (SF36) and visual linear scale was used to assess their pain. Quality of life and pain of all patients evaluated before the initiation and after completion of the 8-week program. Results: The results of this study showed that compared to the scores obtained at the beginning of the program, a significant improvement of quality of life scores at the end of intervention in the experimental group (p0.05). A significant reduction in pain levels was observed in the experimental group (p0.05). Conclusions: It can be concluded that aerobic exercise can reduce pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and improve the quality of their life. Therefore it can be considered as an appropriate treatment regimen for such patients. Key words: Aerobic exercise, Rheumatoid arthritis, Pain, Quality of lif