Symptom distribution of ILI and SARI cases based on influenza sub-types in Ghana.

*Pearson Chi-square test was used to obtain the p-values.</p

A: Influenza A subtypes by year, season, and age.

B: Influenza B lineages by year, season, and age. (DOCX)</p

Map of Ghana showing selected influenza sentinel sites located throughout the country.

Also shown are the ecological variations of the country. Southern Ghana is green with semi-arid conditions, while Northern Ghana is dry and hot. Southern Ghana is densely populated (Accra-2,291,352) while population density in Northern Ghana is low (562,919-Tamale, Northern Region). Note: Only 19/31 sentinel sites are identified. Those located on Ghana Armed Forces military sites, with the exception of 37 Military Hospital, are not depicted for security reasons. The map was obtained from Centre for Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Services (CERSGIS). This was created using ESRI ArcMap version 10.8 with the boundaries obtained from Ghana Statistical Service (GSS).</p

Influenza positivity rates among ILI and SARI cases in Ghana by epidemiological weeks from 2011 to 2019.

Intensity thresholds were generated using the MEM web application (R version 4.2.1) and shown with dotted lines.</p

Bonferroni analysis.

(DOCX)</p

Distribution of influenza A subtypes and B lineages by months in Ghana from 2011 to 2019.

Influenza positivity rate and the number of influenza A subtypes and B lineages was plotted against months for ILI.</p

Distribution of influenza A subtypes and B lineages by months in Ghana from 2011 to 2019.

Influenza positivity rate and the number of influenza A subtypes and B lineages was plotted against months for SARI.</p

Influenza associated ILI and SARI by symptoms.

(DOCX)</p

Distribution of influenza positive cases among age groups in Ghana from 2011 to 2019.

Influenza like illness (ILI) cases are shown in grey while severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) cases are shown in black.</p

Demographic characteristics of influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) cases in Ghana from 2011 to 2019.

Demographic characteristics of influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) cases in Ghana from 2011 to 2019.</p