Double X (Language, Violence)

pages 12-1

An Investigation of the Loss of Planet-Forming Potential in Intermediate Sized Young Embedded Star Clusters

A large fraction of stars forming in our galaxy are born within clusters embedded in giant molecular clouds. In these environments, the background UV radiation fields impinging upon circumstellar disks can often dominate over the radiation fields produced by each disk's central star. As a result, this background radiation can drive the evaporation of circumstellar disks and lead to the loss of planet forming potential within a cluster. This paper presents a detailed analysis of this process for clusters whose stellar membership falls within the range $100 \le N \le 1000$. For these intermediate-sized clusters, the background UV field is often dominated by the most massive stellar member. Due to the steep slope of the initial mass function, the amount of background UV light that bathes clusters of similar size displays significant variance. As a result, we perform a statistical analysis of this problem by calculating distributions of FUV flux values impinging upon star/disk systems for several cluster scenarios. We find that in the absence of dust attenuation, giant planet formation would likely be inhibited in approximately half of systems forming within intermediate-sized clusters regardless of stellar membership. In contrast, the presence of dust can significantly lower this value, with the effect considerably more pronounced in more populated clusters.Comment: Accepted for publication in PAS

A Market-based Solution to the Judicial Clerkship Selection Process

For many years, federal judges and others have labored to reform judicial clerkship hiring so judges might conduct a dignified, collegial, and efficient selection process. To date, however, these reform efforts have had little success. This Article endeavors to forge a solution to the problems endemic to the current judicial clerkship hiring process: lack of collegiality, cut-throat hiring methods, lack of efficiency, and hiring based on inadequate information about candidates. Part I of this Article explores the historical problems in the clerkship hiring process, reviews previously attempted but failed efforts at reform, and identifies problems with such approaches. Part II discusses key impediments to reforming the existing system, including discord in the judiciary and transaction costs, reviews these impediments during a recent hiring season, and finally suggests a behavioral explanation for these barriers to reform. Part III analyzes and critiques proposed solutions to the present process and chronicles their practical and theoretical failures. Part IV proposes a free-market system better able to withstand the failings of previous efforts and employs game theory and other economic concepts to show how the proposed system may provide a lasting solution to past and to present judicial clerkship hiring problems

Metamorphosis of the Traditional Church: The Hybrid Church Model

For several decades, Church attendance in America has steadily declined. This observation is corroborated by extensive surveys and academic research analyzing church attrition. The national attendance phenomenon is evident is also evident at Livingwater Church of God. Using the Livingwater Church of God as the test lab, this project utilized and implemented the Hybrid Church Model, and evaluated its effectiveness for improvements. Substantiated by practical research surveys, interviews, and academic research, this thesis addresses attendance decline with a systematic implementation, evaluation, and modification of the Hybrid Model for the local church unique to the Western North Carolina area. This ministry project resulted in modest but encouraging gains in all targeted areas, with plans for potential improvement and implementation

Corporate Governance After Enron and Global Crossing: Comparative Lessons for Cross-National Improvement

This Article outlines and compares the corporate governance structures of the United States, Japan, Germany, and France. This outline and comparison is made with respect to past, present, and future characteristics and trends. As a cross-national study, it recognizes that the varying natures of differing legal, business, social, and cultural structures significantly affect the degree to which a country can implement changes to its corporate governance systems. This study includes the possibility that one country\u27s corporate model might be inapplicable to another country. Some aspects of American capitalism, nevertheless, are slowly being adopted as improvements in Germany, France, and Japan. Likewise, the U.S. is importing, to some extent, features of other countries\u27 systems.This Article also analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of corporate governance systems in Japan, Germany, and France. By doing so, a better understanding can be gained of the nature and limitations of America\u27s corporate governance system, its potential for exportation, and its capacity for importing foreign improvements. Likewise, a better grasp can be gained of the nature and limitations of other countries\u27 corporate governance systems, their potentials for exportation, and their capacities for importing foreign improvements. The recent bankruptcies of Enron and Global Crossing are used to illustrate these points. Corporate Governance, International, Bankruptc

Corporate Governance after Enron and Global Crossing: Comparative Lessons for Cross-National Improvement, 78 \u3ci\u3e\u3c/i\u3e 723 (2003)

This Article outlines and compares the corporate governance structures of the United States, Japan, Germany, and France. This outline and comparison is made with respect to past, present, and future characteristics and trends. As a cross-national study, it recognizes that the varying natures of differing legal, business, social, and cultural structures significantly affect the degree to which a country can implement changes to its corporate governance systems. This study includes the possibility that one country\u27s corporate model might be inapplicable to another country. Some aspects of American capitalism, nevertheless, are slowly being adopted as improvements in Germany, France, and Japan. Likewise, the U.S. is importing, to some extent, features of other countries\u27 systems.This Article also analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of corporate governance systems in Japan, Germany, and France. By doing so, a better understanding can be gained of the nature and limitations of America\u27s corporate governance system, its potential for exportation, and its capacity for importing foreign improvements. Likewise, a better grasp can be gained of the nature and limitations of other countries\u27 corporate governance systems, their potentials for exportation, and their capacities for importing foreign improvements. The recent bankruptcies of Enron and Global Crossing are used to illustrate these points

Rethinking the Law Firm Organizational Form and Capitalization Structure

The goal of this Article is to examine the partnership model and advocate for a change in the Model Rules that would allow for public ownership of law firms, and to make disclosure of firm financials a mandatory requirement for all firms with over 100 lawyers. Part II explores the history and evolution of limited liability and law firm structures in the United States. Part III discusses incorporated law firms and MDPs and how they might benefit U.S. law firms. Part IV looks at the developments in the United Kingdom and Australia and the forces of globalization that have an effect on U.S. policy choices, concluding that global competition for legal services may force our hand. Part V advocates for similar changes in the U.S. public ownership because allowing public ownership in law firms will benefit both law firms and their clients and make firms more competitive globally. This Part concludes by advocating for mandatory disclosure requirements to benefit firms, prospective attorneys, and their clients

Nutrient and biomass allocation strategies for five grass species in an Oklahoma tallgrass prairie.

Analysis of biomass, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium allocation patterns to various portions of the plant was undertaken to determine if differences exist between Andropogon gerardii, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum nutans, C(, 4) perennials; Dichanthelium oligosanthes, a C(, 3) perennial; and Aristida oligantha, a C(, 4) annual. The annual allocated 15.6% of its total plant biomass and 28.0% of its total plant nitrogen to reproduction, whereas the C(, 4) perennials allocated less than 2.7% total plant biomass and 5.0% total plant nitrogen to reproduction. Total plant nitrogen in the perennials remained relatively constant after an initial spring uptake. Nitrogen was conserved by being translocated belowground in the C(, 4) perennials during the fall and into over-wintering leaves in Dichanthelium. Unlike nitrogen, phosphorus was not efficiently conserved while potassium was not conserved at all. The difference in the degree of conservation reflects the form in which these elements are found in the plant, nitrogen primarily as proteins and amino acids and potassium as an inorganic element making it more susceptible to leaching

BILLS AND NOTES - RULE OF PRICE v. NEAL - APPLICATION TO NONNEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS AND MONEY ORDERS

From a Mississippi post office, B stole fifty-five postal money order blanks. Notice of the theft was sent by the Post Office Department to all post offices. B filled in twelve of the blanks, making them appear genuine in all respects, and presented them to be cashed at defendant bank. In reliance on a confirmation of the validity of the money orders, received by calling a branch post office, defendant cashed them, giving B cash and travelers checks and starting a bank account for the balance. Defendant presented the orders at the main post office, and they were paid without their spuriousness being discovered. When the money orders were forwarded to Washington, the Post Office Department discovered the fraud and sued within a reasonable time for money paid by mistake. In defense, defendant argued that the doctrine of Price v. Neal--that money paid by the drawee of a bill of exchange wherein the signature of the drawer was forged could not be recovered by drawee--should be extended to apply to money orders. Held, that the United States could recover on the ground that the doctrine of Price v. Neal, being based on public policy, does not apply to such instruments because public policy here demands that the United States acting in its sovereign capacity be free from the negligence of its employees. United States v. Northwestern Nat. Bank & Trust Co. of Minneapolis, (D. C. Minn. r940) 35 F. Supp. 484