A4_14 How to score a goal

This paper examines the force causing a football to curve when an angular velocity, or spin, is imparted. A relationship between the distance travelled by the football, in the direction it is kicked, and the amount that the path bends is found.Â

A4_15 Conditions of the Mariana Trench

This article discusses the conditions at the deepest part of the world’s oceans, the Challenger Deep located in the Mariana Trench.  It was found that any creature surviving at this depth would have to withstand 1000 times the surface pressure and exist without light from the Sun as it cannot penetrate to this depth

A4_2 Sand Timers: A Hydrodynamical Approach

 This paper examines the relationship between the volume of sand and the time measured by a sand timer. The problem was approached by simplifying the shape of a sand timer and assuming the sand can be described by hydrodynamics. The results showed that the total time measured is dependent on the dimensions of the sand timer

A4_7 Terraforming Mars – Orbital Mirrors: Construction

This report examines the feasibility of building orbital mirrors at Mars to increase the surface temperature by reflecting used solar energy. It was found that while a large solar mirror can be constructed with current technology the infrastructure to carry out the operation over Mars does not exist

A4_8 Terraforming Mars - Orbital Mirrors: Operation

This paper looks at the temperature changes to the Martian surface of using orbital mirrors to heat it. It was found that net changes to the whole system would not be useful while localised temperature gains are enough to sublimate Martian ice to release water vapour and greenhouse gases

A4_16 How Long will the Milky Way Last?

This article investigates how long the Milky Way can sustain the current star formation rate. It is assumed in this journal that no appreciable mass is added, and neglects star death. It is found in this paper that the Milky Way can continue with its current estimated star formation rate of 7.5 stars per year for another 9.1 x 109 years

A4_4 An RTG Powered Home

This journal ascertains the feasibility of using radioisotope thermoelectric generators to power a household containing a working couple.  It has been found that the amount of plutonium-238 required to supply the needs of the household were 12.05Kg. This amount of plutonium would be unreasonable due to the expensive of this resource.Â