Determinants of diabetes knowledge (Rasch-transformed scores) in multivariable linear regression models.

<p>CI = Confidence interval; Bolded values indicate significant results;</p>*<p>Represents variables substantially different from the analyses using Rasch-transformed scores (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0080593#pone-0080593-t003" target="_blank"><b>Table 3</b></a>).</p><p>Model 1 had the smallest Bayesian information criterion (BIC).</p><p>Model 2 had the smallest a bias-corrected version of AIC.</p><p>Model 3 had the largest adjusted proportion of variation “explained” by the regression model.</p

Variable selection for the Diabetes Knowledge Test (Rasch-transformed scores) in multivariable linear regression.

<p>R²_adj = similar to the R² measure (the proportion of variation “explained” by the regression model) but is corrected for the number of independent variables in the model. Higher values for this criterion indicate better fitting models.</p><p>AIC = Akaike's information criterion; AICc = a bias-corrected version of AIC; BIC = Bayesian information criterion. Lower AIC, AICc and BIC indicate better fitting models.</p><p>Bolded values indicate the ‘best’ value for each criterion and these four models represent the best models among all models specified for the data at hand.</p

Factors Associated with Knowledge of Diabetes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Using the Diabetes Knowledge Test Validated with Rasch Analysis

<div><p>Objective</p><p>In patients with Type 2 diabetes, to determine the factors associated with diabetes knowledge, derived from Rasch analysis, and compare results with a traditional raw scoring method.</p><p>Research Design & Methods</p><p>Participants in this cross-sectional study underwent a comprehensive clinical and biochemical assessment. Diabetes knowledge (main outcome) was assessed using the Diabetes Knowledge Test (DKT) which was psychometrically validated using Rasch analysis. The relationship between diabetes knowledge and risk factors identified during univariate analyses was examined using multivariable linear regression. The results using raw and Rasch-transformed methods were descriptively compared.</p><p>Results</p><p>181 patients (mean age±standard deviation = 66.97±9.17 years; 113 (62%) male) were included. Using Rasch-derived DKT scores, those with greater education (β = 1.14; CI: 0.25,2.04, p = 0.013); had seen an ophthalmologist (β = 1.65; CI: 0.63,2.66, p = 0.002), and spoke English at home (β = 1.37; CI: 0.43,2.31, p = 0.005) had significantly better diabetes knowledge than those with less education, had not seen an ophthalmologist and spoke a language other than English, respectively. Patients who were members of the National Diabetes Service Scheme (NDSS) and had seen a diabetes educator also had better diabetes knowledge than their counterparts. Higher HbA1c level was independently associated with worse diabetes knowledge. Using raw measures, access to an ophthalmologist and NDSS membership were not independently associated with diabetes knowledge.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Sociodemographic, clinical and service use factors were independently associated with diabetes knowledge based on both raw scores and Rasch-derived scores, which supports the implementation of targeted interventions to improve patients' knowledge. Choice of psychometric analytical method can affect study outcomes and should be considered during intervention development.</p></div

Determinants of diabetes knowledge (raw scores) in multivariable linear regression models.

<p>CI = Confidence interval; Bolded values indicate significant results NDSS = National Diabetes Service Scheme; SD = Standard Deviation.</p>*<p>Represents variables substantially different from the analyses using raw scores (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0080593#pone-0080593-t004" target="_blank"><b>Table 4</b></a>).</p><p>Model 1 had the smallest Bayesian information criterion (BIC).</p><p>Model 2 had the smallest a bias-corrected version of AIC.</p><p>Model 3 had the largest adjusted proportion of variation “explained” by the regression model.</p

Significant associations between diabetes knowledge (Rasch transformed scores) and sociodemographic and clinical variables (n = 181).

<p>Variables significant at p<0.10 included.</p>§<p>regression correlation coefficient.</p>Δ<p>univariate linear regression coefficient of risk factors for diabetes knowledge.</p><p>CI = Confidence interval; DBP = Diastolic blood pressure; NDSS = National Diabetes Service Scheme; SD = Standard Deviation.</p

Prevalence of cataract surgery by country of birth: 1^st and 2^nd or higher generation Indian immigrants living in Singapore.

<p>N = number of individuals in the age group; CI = confidence interval.</p>*<p>Any cataract surgery was defined as lens extraction (pseudophakia or aphakia) in either or both eyes.</p>†<p>Age- and gender-adjusted to the Indian adult population from the 2010 Singapore census.</p>§<p>Bilateral cataract surgery was defined as lens extraction (pseudophakia or aphakia) in both eyes.</p

Comparison of prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of cataract surgery from selected population-based studies in Asia.

<p>APEDS = Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study; SiMES = Singapore Malay Eye Study; SINDI = Singapore Indian Eye Study; ACES = Aravind Comprehensive Eye Study; CIEMS = Central India Eye & Medical Study; BCVA = best corrected visual acuity; PCO = posterior capsular opacification; CME = cystoid macular edema; AMD = age-related macular degeneration; DR = diabetic retinopathy.</p><p>“−”: not reported.</p>*<p>Age-standardized to the Indian adult population from the 2010 Singapore Census.</p

Socioeconomic and systemic factors associated with post-operative visual impairment in the 1^st and 2^nd or higher generation Indian migrants living in Singapore.

<p>VI = visual impairment, defined as presenting visual acuity ≤20/60. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.</p>*<p>p<0.05.</p

Causes of post-operative visual impairment in the 1^st and 2^nd or higher generation Indian migrants living in Singapore.

<p>PVA = presenting visual acuity; BCVA = best-corrected visual acuity.</p><p>“Other” included one individual with pterygium, one with phthisis, one with trauma and one with myopic maculopathy. The exact cause in three individuals cannot be determined.</p

Association of low SES and SEDI with characteristics of participants.

<p>OR, Odds ratio; CI, Confidence interval</p><p>*(p<0.05)</p><p>†Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and alcohol and smoking status, SEDI; Socio-economic Disadvantage Index.</p><p>Association of low SES and SEDI with characteristics of participants.</p