Effects of oral probiotic feeding on toll-like receptor gene expression of the chicken's cecal tonsil

Background: It was proposed that probiotics may influence immune system through direct or indirect exposure. Direct exposure is mostly mediated by surface receptors. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are conserved molecular sensors which could be triggered via some pathogen associated structures, hence, modulate the immune responses. This study was conducted to elucidate the impact of lactobacillus acidophilus as a common probiotic on the expression level of TLRs in the chicken's cecal tonsil. Methods: Thirty one-day-old chicken were selected and separated into three groups as probiotic-fed, dairy-fed and control. In addition to commercial powder supply, each chicken in the probiotic-fed group received 109 CFU/Kg of L. acidophilus daily. While, chickens in the dairy-fed group were provided with commercial powder feed and sterile dairy milk. After 14 and 21 days of oral feeding the cecal tonsil was removed and the expression of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5 were examined by real-time PCR. Results: At the age of 14-day, there was a slight upregulation in the expression levels of TLR2 (118.9), TLR4 (129.6) and TLR5 (123.7) of the cecal tonsil in the probiotic-fed group; however, these alterations were not statistically significant. At the age of 21-day, a non-significant downregulation was observed in TLR expression level of both dairy-fed (TLR2, 85; TLR4, 79.5; and TLR5, 86.5) and probiotic-fed (TLR2, 88.8; TLR4, 81; and TLR5, 87.2) groups in comparison to controls. Conclusions: The findings revealed that although the probiotic supplementation could be useful but it did not significantly affect innate immunity state through alteration of TLRs

Effects of oral probiotic feeding on toll-like receptor gene expression of the chicken's cecal tonsil

Background: It was proposed that probiotics may influence immune system through direct or indirect exposure. Direct exposure is mostly mediated by surface receptors. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are conserved molecular sensors which could be triggered via some pathogen associated structures, hence, modulate the immune responses. This study was conducted to elucidate the impact of lactobacillus acidophilus as a common probiotic on the expression level of TLRs in the chicken's cecal tonsil. Methods: Thirty one-day-old chicken were selected and separated into three groups as probiotic-fed, dairy-fed and control. In addition to commercial powder supply, each chicken in the probiotic-fed group received 109 CFU/Kg of L. acidophilus daily. While, chickens in the dairy-fed group were provided with commercial powder feed and sterile dairy milk. After 14 and 21 days of oral feeding the cecal tonsil was removed and the expression of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5 were examined by real-time PCR. Results: At the age of 14-day, there was a slight upregulation in the expression levels of TLR2 (118.9), TLR4 (129.6) and TLR5 (123.7) of the cecal tonsil in the probiotic-fed group; however, these alterations were not statistically significant. At the age of 21-day, a non-significant downregulation was observed in TLR expression level of both dairy-fed (TLR2, 85; TLR4, 79.5; and TLR5, 86.5) and probiotic-fed (TLR2, 88.8; TLR4, 81; and TLR5, 87.2) groups in comparison to controls. Conclusions: The findings revealed that although the probiotic supplementation could be useful but it did not significantly affect innate immunity state through alteration of TLRs

Personalized peptide-based vaccination for treatment of colorectal cancer: rational and progress

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers globally and is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. A large proportion of patients with early stage CRC who undergo conventional treatments develop local recurrence or distant metastasis and in this group of advanced disease, the survival rate is low. Furthermore there is often a poor response and/or toxicity associated with chemotherapy and chemo-resistance may limit continuing conventional treatment alone. Choosing novel and targeted therapeutic approaches based on clinicopathological and molecular features of tumors in combination with conventional therapeutic approach could be used to eradicate residual micrometastasis and therefore improve patient prognosis and also be used preventively. Peptide-based vaccination therapy is one class of cancer treatment that could be used to induce tumor-specific immune responses, through the recognition of specific antigen-derived peptides in tumor cells, and this has emerged as a promising anti-cancer therapeutic strategy. The aim of this review was to summarize the main findings of recent studies in exciting field of peptide-based vaccination therapy in CRC patients as a novel therapeutic approach in treatment of CRC