Impact of Optimized Breastfeeding on the Costs of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Extremely Low Birthweight Infants

To estimate risk of NEC for ELBW infants as a function of preterm formula and maternal milk (MM) intake and calculate the impact of suboptimal feeding on NEC incidence and costs

Applying Integrated ITS Technologies to Parking Management Systems: A Transit-Based Case Study in the San Francisco Bay Area

California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways has teamed with the California Department of Transportation, the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) District, ParkingCarma™, and Quixote Corporation to launch a smart parking research demonstration at the Rockridge BART station in the East San Francisco Bay Area (California, USA). The results of an extensive literature review demonstrate that different smart parking applications implemented worldwide can ease traveler delays, increase transit ridership, and reduce operator costs. Observational analyses at the station indicated that existing parking supply exceeded demand and thus smart parking technologies could be applied to optimize capacity and potentially increase ridership. Focus groups and surveys were conducted to gauge interest in and the design of smart parking services. Key results included: (1) significant commuter frustration with parking shortages and interest in smart parking services; (2); the importance of accurate parking counts and parking enforcement to ensure system reliability; and (3) the potential for greater transit use among users of smart parking services. The field test technology includes traffic sensors that count vehicles in and out of the parking lot; a central computer that calculates space availability; an advanced and en-route reservation system accessed via cell phone, telephone, PDA, and Internet; and real-time parking information displayed on changeable message signs located on an highway adjacent to the station

Applying Integrated ITS Technologies to Parking Management Systems: A Transit-Based Case Study in the San Francisco Bay Area

California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways has teamed with the California Department of Transportation, the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) District, ParkingCarma™, and Quixote Corporation to launch a smart parking research demonstration at the Rockridge BART station in the East San Francisco Bay Area (California, USA). The results of an extensive literature review demonstrate that different smart parking applications implemented worldwide can ease traveler delays, increase transit ridership, and reduce operator costs. Observational analyses at the station indicated that existing parking supply exceeded demand and thus smart parking technologies could be applied to optimize capacity and potentially increase ridership. Focus groups and surveys were conducted to gauge interest in and the design of smart parking services. Key results included: (1) significant commuter frustration with parking shortages and interest in smart parking services; (2); the importance of accurate parking counts and parking enforcement to ensure system reliability; and (3) the potential for greater transit use among users of smart parking services. The field test technology includes traffic sensors that count vehicles in and out of the parking lot; a central computer that calculates space availability; an advanced and en-route reservation system accessed via cell phone, telephone, PDA, and Internet; and real-time parking information displayed on changeable message signs located on an highway adjacent to the station

Improving Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) District Connectivity and Access with the Segway Human Transporter and Other Low-Speed Mobility Devices

To evaluate the potential for low-speed modes to improve transit access, a field test has been designed that will offer shared-use Segway Human Transporters (HT), electric bicycles, and bicycles linked to a Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) District station and surrounding employment centers. Because of safety concerns, research was conducted to better understand the risks associated with these modes and potential risk factors. First, a review of the safety literature indicates that user error is the major cause of low-speed mode crashes and significant risk factors are poor surface conditions and obstructions to drivers' vision. As a result, an extensive training program and carefully selected routes have been included in the field test. Second, the regulatory and legislative history of the HT is chronicled to understand how concerns about its interaction with pedestrians have produced legislation that includes specific safety requirements. The low-speed modes used in this project will be equipped with safety devices and participants will be required to wear helmets. Third, the results of a survey of thirteen HT implementation projects provide insight into potential advantages and challenges to the HT field test. Fourth, results of interviews and meetings with field test stakeholders are presented with a discussion of their influence on the field test design. For example, participants will be required to walk the low speed modes at BART to avoid potential conflicts during crowded station conditions. Finally, conclusions and future steps in the project are discussed

Applying Integrated ITS Technologies to Parking Management Systems: A Transit-Based Case Study in the San Francisco Bay Area

California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways has teamed with the California Department of Transportation, the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) District, ParkingCarmaâ„¢, and Quixote Corporation to launch a smart parking research demonstration at the Rockridge BART station in the East San Francisco Bay Area (California, USA). The results of an extensive literature review demonstrate that different smart parking applications implemented worldwide can ease traveler delays, increase transit ridership, and reduce operator costs. Observational analyses at the station indicated that existing parking supply exceeded demand and thus smart parking technologies could be applied to optimize capacity and potentially increase ridership. Focus groups and surveys were conducted to gauge interest in and the design of smart parking services. Key results included: (1) significant commuter frustration with parking shortages and interest in smart parking services; (2); the importance of accurate parking counts and parking enforcement to ensure system reliability; and (3) the potential for greater transit use among users of smart parking services. The field test technology includes traffic sensors that count vehicles in and out of the parking lot; a central computer that calculates space availability; an advanced and en-route reservation system accessed via cell phone, telephone, PDA, and Internet; and real-time parking information displayed on changeable message signs located on an highway adjacent to the station.UCD-ITS-RR-04-18, Civil Engineering

Smart Parking Management Pilot Project: A Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) District Parking Demonstration

This report presents early findings from an application of advanced parking technologies to maximize existing parking capacity at the Rockridge BART station, which was launched in December 2004 in the East San Francisco Bay Area. The smart parking system includes traffic sensors that count the number of vehicles entering and exiting the parking lots at the station. A reservation system allows travelers to reserve spaces by Internet, personal digital assistant (PDA), phone, and cell phone. The real-time information obtained from the sensors and the reservation system is displayed on variable message signs (VMS) (on Highway 24 leading to the station) to alert drivers of parking space availability. Before and after surveys and focus groups will be used to evaluate the travel effects, economic potential, and system technology of the field test. This report consists of three major sections:o A literature review in which the effectiveness of different types and applications of smart parking management systems are evaluated; o A feasibility analysis, including focus groups, surveys, and observational analyses, which guides the development and initial evaluation of the smart parking field test; and o A smart parking project description, which includes the applied demonstration design and technology

Improving California\u27s Bay Area Rapid Transit District Connectivity and Access with Segway Human Transporter and Other Low-Speed Mobility Devices

To evaluate the potential for low-speed modes to improve transit access, the EasyConnect field test will offer shared-use Segway Human Transporters (HT), electric bicycles, and bicycles linked to a Bay Area Rapid Transit District station and surrounding employment centers in California. Because of safety concerns, research was conducted to understand the risks associated with these modes and potential risk factors. A review of the safety literature indicates that user error is the major cause of low-speed mode crashes, and significant risk factors are poor surface conditions and obstructions to drivers’ vision. As a result, an extensive training program and carefully selected routes have been included in the field test. The regulatory and legislative history of the HT is chronicled to understand how concerns about its interaction with pedestrians have produced legislation that includes specific safety requirements. The low-speed modes used in this project will be equipped with safety devices, and participants will be required to wear helmets. The survey results of 13 HT implementation projects provide insight into potential advantages and challenges to the field test. Results of interviews and meetings with field test stakeholders are presented with a discussion of their influence on the field test design. Finally, conclusions and future project steps are discussed

Applying Integrated ITS Technologies to Parking Management Systems: A Transit-Based Case Study in the San Francisco Bay Area

California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways has teamed with the California Department of Transportation, the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) District, ParkingCarmaTM, and Quixote Corporation to launch a smart parking research demonstration at the Rockridge BART station in the East San Francisco Bay Area (California, USA). The results of an extensive literature review demonstrate that different smart parking applications implemented worldwide can ease traveler delays, increase transit ridership, and reduce operator costs. Observational analyses at the station indicated that existing parking supply exceeded demand and thus smart parking technologies could be applied to optimize capacity and potentially increase ridership. Focus groups and surveys were conducted to gauge interest in and the design of smart parking services. Key results included: (1) significant commuter frustration with parking shortages and interest in smart parking services; (2); the importance of accurate parking counts and parking enforcement to ensure system reliability; and (3) the potential for greater transit use among users of smart parking services. The field test technology includes traffic sensors that count vehicles in and out of the parking lot; a central computer that calculates space availability; an advanced and en-route reservation system accessed via cell phone, telephone, PDA, and Internet; and real-time parking information displayed on changeable message signs located on an highway adjacent to the station.

Transit-Based Smart Parking in the San Francisco Bay Area: an Assessment of User Demand and Behavioral Effects

This paper presents early findings from an application of advanced parking technologies to increase effective parking capacity at a transit station during the first half of 2004 in the San Francisco Bay Area (CA). It begins with an extensive review of the literature related to transit-based smart parking management systems to illustrate the range of system configurations and their potential travel, economic, and environmental effects. Two important conclusions from this review are: (1) lack of parking spaces at transit stations may be a significant constraint to transit use and (2) pre-trip and, perhaps, enroute information on parking availability at transit stations may increase transit use to gain insight into parking information needs, the travel effects of a new monthly paid parking program, and the potential travel effects of a smart parking service. First, it was found that a potential market exists for a daily paid parking information service among current and new riders with relatively high incomes, high auto availability, and variable work locations and schedules. Second, the current monthly reserved paid parking service may have increased the frequency of BART use among subscribers, but it has not reduced net auto travel because of diversions to BART from carpool, bus, and bike modes for their main commute and increased drive alone access to the BART station