Митоинхибиращ и кластогенен ефект на води от антропогенно повлияни зони

The present study aims to analyse the effect of waters, anthropogenically influenced by various pollutants, on the mitotic division and chromosomal apparatus of cells by establishing their potential mitoinhibitory and clastogenic effect. The cytotoxic and mutagenic effect of contaminated water was examined by the application of the Allium cepa test system. Mitotic depression has been established for samples with available anthropogenic contamination. Microscopic analysis showed an increased incidence of chromosomal aberrations in the test samples compared to the control, resulting from the genotoxic effect available. Chromosomal abnormalities of the type of lagging and ‘vagrant’ chromosomes, chromosomal fragments, anaphase and telophase bridges, micronuclei, as well as deviations from normal cell division such as K-mitoses and asynchronous mitoses have been observed. The analysis of the spectrum of chromosomal aberrations shows some differences in the frequency of occurrence of the different types of disorders, which reflects the specificity of the genotoxic effect of the water samples from the surveyed areas.Настоящото проучване има за цел да анализира влиянието на антропогенно повлияни от различни замърсители води върху митотичното делене и хромозомния апарат на клетките чрез установяване на потенциалния им митоинхибиращ и кластогенен ефект Чрез прилагане на Allium cepa тест-системата е проучено цитотоксичното и мутагенното действие на замърсените води. Констатирана е митотична депресия за пробите с налично антропогенно замърсяване. Микроскопският анализ показва увеличена честота на хромозомните аберации в опитните проби в сравнение с контролната, което е резултат от наличен генотоксичен ефект. Констатирани са хромозомни аномалии от типа на изоставащи и „скитащи” хромозоми, хромозомни фрагменти, анафазни и телофазни мостове, микроядра, както и отклонения от нормалното клетъчно делене като К-митози и асинхронни митози. Анализът на спектъра на хромозомните аберации показва известни различия в честотата на срещане на отделните типове нарушения, което отразява спецификата на генотоксичното действие на водните проби от проучваните зони

Formal Definition of the Concept “Infos”

The concept INFOS is very important for understanding the information phenomena. Because of this, it is basic for the General Information Theory. The more precise formal definition of this concept is given in the paper

Adaptive Mirror Descent for the Network Utility Maximization Problem

Network utility maximization is the most important problem in network traffic management. Given the growth of modern communication networks, we consider the utility maximization problem in a network with a large number of connections (links) that are used by a huge number of users. To solve this problem an adaptive mirror descent algorithm for many constraints is proposed. The key feature of the algorithm is that it has a dimension-free convergence rate. The convergence of the proposed scheme is proved theoretically. The theoretical analysis is verified with numerical simulations. We compare the algorithm with another approach, using the ellipsoid method (EM) for the dual problem. Numerical experiments showed that the performance of the proposed algorithm against EM is significantly better in large networks and when very high solution accuracy is not required. Our approach can be used in many network design paradigms, in particular, in software-defined networks

Aloenzimna genetichna harakteristika na pchelni semeystva Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) ot Bulgaria s razlichno higienno povedenie

The genetic variability in 25 honey bee colonies from different regions of Bulgaria with different hygienic behaviour (highly hygienic, hygienic and non-hygienic) has been studied. Alloenzyme analysis of two systems (MDH-1 and Est-3) corresponding to 2 loci was used in order to characterize the colony polymorphism. Totally 1,150 worker bees were included in this investigation. MDH-1 locus was found to be polymorphic in all of the studied colonies, having two alleles – MDH-165 and MDH-1100. The Est-3 locus was fixed in ten of the investigated colonies. Polymorphism with total presence of four alleles of this locus (Est-380, Est-388, Est-3100 and Est-3118) was found in the other studied colonies. The calculated polymorphism was 50% in the non-hygienic and 100% in the highly hygienic and hygienic colonies. The observed and expected heterozygosities (Ho and He) ranged from 0.296 to 0.354 and from 0.28 to 0.332 in non-hygienic and highly hygienic groups, respectively. The calculated mean observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.32 and 0.307, respectively. The calculated Fst and Nm levels demonstrated lower differentiation between highly hygienic and hygienic colonies and higher differentiation between highly hygienic and non-hygienic colonies. Dissimilarities between levels of polymorphism, heterozygosity, Fst, Nm and allele frequencies in the studied groups of colonies with different hygienic behaviour were found and discussed. The results of the present study provide new information concerning relations between hygienic behaviour and alloenzyme characteristics which could be used for future selection with honey bees in Bulgaria.Obekt na nastoyashtoto izsledvane e genetichnata izmenchivost, ustanovena pri rabota s 25 pchelni semeystva ot razlichni rayoni na Bulgaria s razlichno higienno povedenie (Visoko higienichni, higienichni i ne-higiennichni). Izyaveniyat polimorfizam e harakteriziran na bazata na aloenzimen analiz po dve sistemi (MDH-1 i Est-3), saotvetstvashti na dva polimorfni lokusa. Obshto 1150 pcheli rabotnichki sa vklyucheni v izsledvaneto. Ustanoveno e, che MDH-1 lokusat e polimorfen vav vsichki izsledvani pchelni semeystva i e predstaven ot dva alela - MDH-165 i MDH-1100. Est-3 lokusat e fiksiran v deset ot izsledvanite kolonii. Po tozi lokus e konstatiran polimorfizam s prisastvie obshto na chetiri alelni varianti (Est-380, Est-388, Est-3100 i Est-3118) za genofonda na ostanalite pchelni semeystva. Izchisleniyat polimorfizam e mezhdu 50% i 100%. Ustanovenata i ochakvanata heterozigotnost (Ho i He) varira saotvetno ot 0.296 do 0.354 i 0.28 ot 0.332 pri ne-higienichnite i visoko higienichnite grupi. Izchislenite sredna nablyudavana i ochakvana heterozigotnosti sa saotvetno 0.32 i 0.307. Izchislenite niva na Fst i Nm pokazvat po-niska diferentsiatsia mezhdu visoko higienichnite i higienichnite semeystva i visoka diferentsiatsia mezhdu visoko higienichnite i ne-higienichnite semeystva. Konstatirani i obsadeni sa razlichia mezhdu nivata na polimorfizam, heterozigotnost, Fst, Nm i alelnite chestoti v izsledvanite grupi pchelni semeystva s razlichno higienno povedenie. Rezultatite ot nastoyashtoto prouchvane davat nova informatsia otnosno zavisimostta mezhdu nivata na higienno povedenie i aloenzimnite harakteristiki, koito biha mogli da se izpolzvat v badeshti deynosti po selektsia na medonosnite pcheli v Bulgaria

DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

The article is devoted to educational opportunities for the formation of social capital. Social capital is manifested in the ability of people to communicate and work together. Analysis of the concept of social capital allows understanding the foundations of social interaction, the need for trust, and the relationship between the formation and distribution of the social trust, norms, and social capital itself. Social capital does not exist outside people. Social capital cannot be characterized as an attribute of a separate individual. Social capital belongs to the group, the community. Learning is a situation of joint activity. In modern pedagogy, the problem is how to teach, organizing effective joint forms of educational activity. In distance learning (e-learning), it is important to organize the educational environment to have properties that make up for the lack of live communication. Today, the subjective nature of the educational process, focused on the formation of a creative personality, is being affirmed. Educational priorities are aimed at comfortable, conflict-free cooperation between the student at all levels of the educational process and the teacher, perhaps even partnership. The teacher and the student jointly develop goals, objectives, problem search field of research, working "cocreatively," a mini-team. This anthropocentric pedagogical technology relates to project and problem technologies in the educational process

Radiotherapy. stages of planning of the radiotherapy process. TNM classification

В лъчелечението днес се използват две основни групи йонизиращи лъчения - фотони и заредени частици. Фотони са рентгеновите, гама и високоенергийното спирачно лъчение (Х-лъчите), a частици - бета-лъчите, ускорените електрони, протоните, пи-мезоните и тежките йони. До скоро рентгеновата и телегаматерапията бяха водещи в България. С въвеждане на линейните ускорители най-широко е приложението на Х-лъчите и ускорените електрони. Рентгеновата терапия се прилага при кожни лезии с малки размери.Процесът на планиране на лъчелечението е труден, съдържа много стъпки и високорискови дейности, тъй като включва използването на много източници на информация и взаимодействието на различни специалисти, участващи в лъчелечебния процес. TNM класификацията се използва за определяне индикациите за лъчелечение.При всички болни, които се облъчват с линейни ускорители, се прилага триизмерно планиране. Основното е, че облъчваният обем и критичните органи се задават в поредица от срезове с дебелина, по-голяма от 0,5 см. По този начин значително се повишава точността и качеството на планираното лъчелечение. Техниките на облъчване, прилагани с линеен ускорител, са изоцентрични и налагат маркиране на изоентъра на кожата на пациента или на имобилизиращите устройства. Изоцентърът се поставя при първото облъчване на терапевтичния апарат в присъствието на лекар и физик-дозиметрист, изготвил индивидуалния план.Ако всеки лъчетерапевтичен център разполага с пълен набор от лъчетерапевтична апаратура, това дава възможност за адекватно и съвременно облъчване на всички локализации на злокачествени и доброкачествени новообразувания, с индикации за лъчелечение. В онкологичната информационна система се съхраняват: личните данни на пациента, клиничната информация относно заболяването и вида лечение, дозиметричният план на облъчването, както и подробна информация за проведеното лъчелечение. Информацията се архивира с възможност за справка на броя на извършените сеанси и облъчвани обеми, както и статистически анализ на множество данни, отнасящи се до цялостния лъчетерапевтичен процес.In modern radiotherapy two main groups of ionizing radiation are used - photons and charged particles. The photons consist of orthovoltage x-rays, gamma rays and high-energy x-rays, and the particles are beta-rays, accelerated electrons, protons, pi mesons and heavy ions. Until recently orthovoltage and telegamatherapy have been the main types of radiotherapy in Bulgaria. Now with the installation of linear accelerators, x-rays, and accelerated electrons are most commonly used. Orthovoltage radiotherapy is used for small skin lesions.The planning process of radiotherapy is difficult and contains many steps and high-risk activities as it includes the use of many sources of information and the collaboration of different specialists participating in the radiotherapy process. TNM classification is used to define the indication for radiotherapy. Three-dimensional planning is applied to all patients that are treated at a linear accelerator. The main issue here is that the target volume and the critical organs are defined as a series of consecutive CT scans with thickness of less than 0.5 cm. Thus, the accuracy and the quality of the planned radiotherapy are significantly improved. Isocenter irradiation techniqes are used with linear accelerators and this requires marking the isocenter on the patient`s skin or on the immobilization devices.The isocenter is marked during the first irradiation at the treatment machine in the presence of a physician and a physicist-dosimetrist who has developed the individual plan.If a single radiotherapy department is equiped with the full set of radiotherapy machines, this will provide adequate and modern irradiation of all malignant tumors and benign conditions requiring radiotherapy. The oncology information system stores the demographic data of the patient, the clinical information about the disease and treatment methods, the treatment as well as detailed information about the radiotherapy course . The information is archived and allows the checking of the number of performed fractions, the irradiated volumes as well as the performing of a statistical analysis of multiple data related to the entire radiotherapy process

Phytosanitary Status of Wheat Crops in Northeastern Bulgaria

In the present work, the results of a survey of wheat crops in the area of the IASS quot%253BObraztsov chiflikquot%253B ndash%253B Ruse are presented. The study was carried out during the period 2018-2021, at the experimental field of the institute, according to accepted methods for weed infestation, species composition of the entomofauna and economically important wheat diseases. The aim of the study is to determine the species composition of weeds, diseases and insect pest in wheat crops under the relevant agro-climatic conditions. Weed species composition differed by year, with a total of 15 weed species from 10 families recorded. Veronica agrestis L., Lamium purpureum L., Anthemis arvensis L., Convolvulus arvensis L. and Cirsium arvense L. are ubiquitous in surveyed crop. Insects belonging to the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera and Orthoptera were identified. The proportion of the orders to which the species belonged in the three years of the study differed in culture. The total number of insects detected during the three years of the test varied on average (CV%253D15.63%25) ndash%253B 373 pcs. in 2019, 280 pcs. in 2020 and 372 pcs. in 2021. During the period, 3 fungal pathogens of the genera Puccinia, Erysiphe and Septoria were identified. The development of Puccinia and Erysiphe pathogens during the study period was within acceptable limits according to the SEV scale (from 10%25 to 25%25). Massive development of the pathogen Septoria sp. was observed, with the affected plant area reaching up to 65%25, according to the SEV scale

Kidney stone disease (Nephrolithiasis) - Pathogenesis, types of imaging diagnostic methods in contemporary medicine

Рискът от развитие на нефролитиаза в развитите страни е около 12% при мъжете и 6% при жените. Бялата раса е по-засегната от черната. Честотата на заболяването се увеличава правопропорционално на увеличената честота на захарен диабет тип ІІ и наднорменото тегло. Съотношението мъже / жени е 1,3:1. Честотата се увеличава във възрастта над 20 години, a пикът на патологията е във възрастовата група между 40-60 години, след което намалява и остава константа. Нефролитиазата е известна още като бъбречно-каменна болест и се развива при пациенти с генетична предиспозиция, при широк спектър от метаболитни заболявания, a също и при множество коморбидни състояния. Повечето камъни са изградени от калциев оксалат и пикочна киселина, струвит (амониево-магнезиев сулфат), цистин, амониев урат. Напоследък се повишава честотата на лекарствено индуцираната нефролитиаза, която се наблюдава при имобилизирани пациенти.Образнодиагностичните методи започват с ултразвуковото изследване на пикочо-отделителната система. То открива голям процент от всички конкременти, както и паренхимни процеси, които биха могли да имитират ренална колика. Обзорната рентгенография на бъбреци, уретери, пикочен мехур (БУМ) представлява рентгеново изследване на отделителната система, което демонстрира конкременти с калциево съдържимо; обикновено предшества венозната урография и други рентгенови изследвания. Венозна урография - методът дава информация както за позицията и размера на конкремента, така и за състоянието на бъбречната функция. Методът обаче има риск от известна нефротоксичност. Компютърна томография без използване на контрастна материя демонстрира конкременти във всяка една част от отделителната система.Има редица заболявания, които могат да имитират симптомите на БКБ и поради тази причина е необходимо те да бъдат изключени в хода на диагностичния процес. Днес развитието на науката допринесе за по-задълбочено разбиране на причините и механизмите за образуване на камъни и съответно - за много по-ефективно клинично диагностициране и лечение. Необходимо е периодично да се следи здравословното състояние чрез редовни консултации с нефролог или уролог, който да извършва ехографско изследване.The risk of nephrolithiasis in developed countries is roughly 12% in men and 6% in women. Caucasians are more likely to form kidney stones than black people. The frequency of this pathology increases proportionally to the rising frequency of type II diabetes mellitus and obesity. The ratio of male to female sufferers is 1.3:1. The disease is mostly observed in individuals over the age of 20, while the pique is between 40 and 60 years. Nephrolithiasis is more commonly known as kidney stone disease and develops primarily in genetically predisposed patients, patients with metabolic disorders, and multiple comorbidities. Most stones are made up of calcium oxalate and uric acid, struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate), cystine, ammonium urate. Recently there has been an increase in medicamentation-induced nephrolithiasis, observed in immobilized patients.The imaging diagnostics begins with abdominal ultrasonography - it can find a large percentage of all calculi, as well as parenchymal processes which could simulate a renal colic. Plain abdominal radiographs can demonstrate calcium-containing stones, and usually precedes venous urograms and other exams. Venous urograms provide insight into a calculus position, as well as regarding renal function. It is, however, associated with potential nephrotoxicity. Computed tomography can natively (without contrast material) demonstrate virtually all stones in every part of the excretory system.There are several conditions which mimic the symptoms of kidney stone disease, and must therefore be exlcuded along the diagnostic pathway. Currently, advanced understanding of the reasons and mechanisms of calculus formation have contributed to more effective diagnostic and treatment methods. Periodic consultations and ultrasonographies with a nephrologist or urologist are advisable

Oracle Complexity Separation in Convex Optimization

Many convex optimization problems have structured objective function written as a sum of functions with different types of oracles (full gradient, coordinate derivative, stochastic gradient) and different evaluation complexity of these oracles. In the strongly convex case these functions also have different condition numbers, which eventually define the iteration complexity of first-order methods and the number of oracle calls required to achieve given accuracy. Motivated by the desire to call more expensive oracle less number of times, in this paper we consider minimization of a sum of two functions and propose a generic algorithmic framework to separate oracle complexities for each component in the sum. As a specific example, for the $\mu$-strongly convex problem $\min_{x\in \mathbb{R}^n} h(x) + g(x)$ with $L_h$-smooth function $h$ and $L_g$-smooth function $g$, a special case of our algorithm requires, up to a logarithmic factor, $O(\sqrt{L_h/\mu})$ first-order oracle calls for $h$ and $O(\sqrt{L_g/\mu})$ first-order oracle calls for $g$. Our general framework covers also the setting of strongly convex objectives, the setting when $g$ is given by coordinate derivative oracle, and the setting when $g$ has a finite-sum structure and is available through stochastic gradient oracle. In the latter two cases we obtain respectively accelerated random coordinate descent and accelerated variance reduction methods with oracle complexity separation