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Sustainable assessment of structures and materials using ground penetrating radar (GPR)
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a non-destructive, non-invasive device that can be used to investigate materials in buildings, structures and the ground. Its use relies on recording the reflections of radar waves that are transmitted into materials. This paper provides an overview of GPR, a brief explanation of its principles of operation and application, suggests areas where its use may be appropriate in the context of buildings and structures, and includes some case studies from engineering investigations conducted by the author to highlight examples of the information it can provide. The technical information that GPR can commonly provide includes material depths and thicknesses, locations of excessive moisture or deterioration, and the location of steelwork within construction materials. Whilst reducing uncertainty in data obtained from building and structural investigations, other advantages compared to alternative intrusive investigations include less time and costs for investigations, less disruption to users of the building / structure, and less material required for subsequent repair and maintenance work. This paper also highlights, however, some limitations of the technique which should be considered in order to optimise the success of GPR investigations, such as the necessity for specialist knowledge in operation and data interpretation, and the limited GPR signal penetration within certain materials. Overall, the potential for use of GPR in the determination of material and structural properties in the built environment is highlighted
Criticality and Condensation in a Non-Conserving Zero Range Process
The Zero-Range Process, in which particles hop between sites on a lattice
under conserving dynamics, is a prototypical model for studying real-space
condensation. Within this model the system is critical only at the transition
point. Here we consider a non-conserving Zero-Range Process which is shown to
exhibit generic critical phases which exist in a range of creation and
annihilation parameters. The model also exhibits phases characterised by
mesocondensates each of which contains a subextensive number of particles. A
detailed phase diagram, delineating the various phases, is derived.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figure, published versi
Factorised steady states for multi-species mass transfer models
A general class of mass transport models with Q species of conserved mass is
considered. The models are defined on a lattice with parallel discrete time
update rules. For one-dimensional, totally asymmetric dynamics we derive
necessary and sufficient conditions on the mass transfer dynamics under which
the steady state factorises. We generalise the model to mass transfer on
arbitrary lattices and present sufficient conditions for factorisation. In both
cases, explicit results for random sequential update and continuous time limits
are given.Comment: 11 page
Construction of the factorized steady state distribution in models of mass transport
For a class of one-dimensional mass transport models we present a simple and
direct test on the chipping functions, which define the probabilities for mass
to be transferred to neighbouring sites, to determine whether the stationary
distribution is factorized. In cases where the answer is affirmative, we
provide an explicit method for constructing the single-site weight function. As
an illustration of the power of this approach, previously known results on the
Zero-range process and Asymmetric random average process are recovered in a few
lines. We also construct new models, namely a generalized Zero-range process
and a binomial chipping model, which have factorized steady states.Comment: 6 pages, no figure
Phase Transitions in one-dimensional nonequilibrium systems
The phenomenon of phase transitions in one-dimensional systems is discussed.
Equilibrium systems are reviewed and some properties of an energy function
which may allow phase transitions and phase ordering in one dimension are
identified. We then give an overview of the one-dimensional phase transitions
which we have been studied in nonequilibrium systems. A particularly simple
model, the zero-range process, for which the steady state is know exactly as a
product measure, is discussed in some detail. Generalisations of the model, for
which a product measure still holds, are also discussed. We analyse in detail a
condensation phase transition in the model and show how conditions under which
it may occur may be related to the existence of an effective long-range energy
function. Although the zero-range process is not well known within the physics
community, several nonequilibrium models have been proposed that are examples
of a zero-range process, or closely related to it, and we review these
applications here.Comment: latex, 28 pages, review article; references update
Factors affecting colour and cloud stability in a wildberry herbal drink : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of M. Tech. in Food Science at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
An investigation was undertaken into the stability of the natural colour, from anthocyanins, and cloud in a Wildberry Herbal fruit drink. The fruit drinks consisted of cloudy apple and berry fruit juice with natural herb extracts and flavours. The objectives of the research were to identify the cause of cloud instability and sediment formation in the drink; determine the effect of ascorbic acid, berryfruit juice volume, storage temperature and light on anthocyanin stability; investigate the use of stabilisers to prevent sediment formation and determine consumer acceptability of a modified drink. The cause of sediment formation was determined by analysing the contribution of the major ingredients to the total amount of sediment formed. To minimise the sediment, a range of commercially available polysaccharide stabilisers were added to the drink and the amount of sediment formed determined. A consumer sensory evaluation was undertaken to determine consumer acceptability of drinks in which stabilisers had been added to improve the cloud stability. The factors affecting the anthocyanin's in the drink were analysed using a fractional factorial experimental design. The effect of the commercial pasteurisation process on the colour was also investigated. The formation of sediment was identified as being the result of complexing between the unstable cloud of the cloudy apple juice and polyphenolics, including anthocyanins, in the berryfruit juice. No sediment formed during eight weeks storage when clarified apple juice was substituted for cloudy apple juice. The sediment was reduced by approximately 45% using stabiliser systems consisting of either xanthan or a xanthan/propylene glycol alginate mixture. Consumer sensory evaluation of the modified drinks found no significant difference in liking from the standard drink. The anthocyanin loss in the drink was found to be significantly affected by increased storage temperature. Elderberry juice was found to have better colour stability over blackcurrant juice. Pasteurisation did not initially affect the colour stability of the drink. It was recommended that the composition of the Wildberry Herbal drink remain unchanged. The product should be stored at as low a temperature as possible. The drinks should be cooled to ambient temperature as quickly as possible after the pasteurisation process
Condensation Transitions in Nonequilibrium systems
Systems driven out of equilibrium can often exhibit behaviour not seen in
systems in thermal equilibrium- for example phase transitions in
one-dimensional systems. In this talk I will review several `condensation'
transitions that occur when a conserved quantity is driven through the system.
Although the condensation is spatial, i.e. a finite fraction of the conserved
quantity condenses into a small spatial region, useful comparison can be made
with usual Bose-Einstein condensation. Amongst some one-dimensional examples I
will discuss the `Bus Route Model' where the condensation corresponds to the
clustering together of buses moving along a bus-route.Comment: 10 pages. Lecture from TH-2002, Pari
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