Web et musées : le choc des cultures

Face au développement des nouvelles pratiques des internautes (réseaux sociaux), les auteurs proposent quelques pistes innovantes à suivre par les institutions muséales qui souhaiteraient passer d’une logique « vitrine » à une logique « relationnelle » et imaginer des musées co-créatifs dans lesquels le visiteur – intégré comme acteur de la vie du musée et de ses projets – devient membre d’une communauté, à la fois utilisateur et contributeur d’un savoir commun

Capacity for the management of kidney failure in the International Society of Nephrology Oceania and South East Asia (OSEA) region:Report from the 2023 ISN Global Kidney Health Atlas (ISN-GKHA)

The International Society of Nephrology (ISN) region of Oceania and South East Asia (OSEA) is a mix of high and low-income countries, with diversity in population demographics and densities. There have been three iterations of the ISN-Global Kidney Health Atlas (GKHA) which have aimed to deliver in-depth assessments of global kidney care across the spectrum from early detection of CKD to treatment of kidney failure. This paper reports the findings of the latest ISN-GKHA in relation to kidney care capacity in OSEA. Among the 30 countries/territories in OSEA, 19 (63%) participated in the ISN-GKHA, representing over 97% of the region’s population. The overall prevalence of treated kidney failure in OSEA was 1,203 per million population (pmp), 45% higher than the global median of 823 pmp. In contrast, kidney replacement therapy (KRT) in OSEA was less available than the global median (chronic hemodialysis 89% OSEA vs 98% globally, peritoneal dialysis 72% vs 79%, kidney transplantation 61% vs 70%). Only 56% of countries could provide access to dialysis to at least half of people with incident kidney failure, lower than the global median of 74% of countries with available dialysis services. There were inequalities in access to KRT across OSEA, with widespread availability and low out-of-pocket costs in high-income countries and limited availability, often coupled with large out-of-pocket costs, in middle-and low-income countries. Workforce limitations were observed across OSEA, especially in lower middle-income countries. Extensive collaborative work within OSEA and globally will help close the noted gaps in kidney care provision

Dénomination et postures énonciatives autour d’islam dans la presse quotidienne française : le poids des attentats

Durant la période récente, marquée par les attentats de terroristes islamistes, la presse française s’est trouvée face à des problèmes de dénomination délicats, liés à l’utilisation du terme islam et à ses sous-catégorisations (islam radical, islam modéré, islam religieux, islam politique ; islam de France...) qui entrent dans un micro-système terminologique en voie de constitution. Cependant, ces dénominations ne sont pas toujours stabilisées dans un sens précis, et leur contexte d’énonciation, tout comme le point de vue des énonciateurs, est déterminant pour leur interprétation. A travers l’étude d’un corpus regroupant les articles des journaux Le Monde, Le Figaro et Libération entre le 1er janvier 2014 et le 31 décembre 2015, contenant de nombreuses occurrences des mots islam et musulman, la recherche présentée analyse les postures énonciatives qui apparaissent dans la construction et l'emploi des catégorisations/désignations de l'islam dans la presse française, et plus particulièrement chez les éditorialistes.In a context marked by the terrorist islamist attacks, French press had recently experienced difficulties in the sub-classification of Islam (e.g. radical Islam, moderate Islam, religious Islam, political Islam, Islam of France...). However, even though such terms are very common, they are seldom used with any precision or a clear grasp of their meaning. Therefore, the enunciation context, as well as the enunciators’ point of view, are both significant determinants for their interpretation. Through the study of a corpus gathered from three well known French newspapers (Le Monde, Le Figaro, Libération), between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2015, including many occurrences of the words islam and musulman (muslim), our paper analyzes the relations between lexical designations and enunciative postures, implied by the sub-categorizations of islam in the French press, and more particularly among editorial writers

Extremely high He isotope ratios in MORB-source mantle from the proto-Iceland plume

The high <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He ratio of volcanic rocks thought to be derived from mantle plumes is taken as evidence for the existence of a mantle reservoir that has remained largely undegassed since the Earth's accretion. The helium isotope composition of this reservoir places constraints on the origin of volatiles within the Earth and on the evolution and structure of the Earth's mantle. Here we show that olivine phenocrysts in picritic basalts presumably derived from the proto-Iceland plume at Baffin Island, Canada, have the highest magmatic <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He ratios yet recorded. A strong correlation between <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He and <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr, <sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd and trace element ratios demonstrate that the <sup>3</sup>He-rich end-member is present in basalts that are derived from large-volume melts of depleted upper-mantle rocks. This reservoir is consistent with the recharging of depleted upper-mantle rocks by small volumes of primordial volatile-rich lower-mantle material at a thermal boundary layer between convectively isolated reservoirs. The highest <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He basalts from Hawaii and Iceland plot on the observed mixing trend. This indicates that a <sup>3</sup>He-recharged depleted mantle (HRDM) reservoir may be the principal source of high <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He in mantle plumes, and may explain why the helium concentration of the 'plume' component in ocean island basalts is lower than that predicted for a two-layer, steady-state model of mantle structure

Recognizing Speech in a Novel Accent: The Motor Theory of Speech Perception Reframed

The motor theory of speech perception holds that we perceive the speech of another in terms of a motor representation of that speech. However, when we have learned to recognize a foreign accent, it seems plausible that recognition of a word rarely involves reconstruction of the speech gestures of the speaker rather than the listener. To better assess the motor theory and this observation, we proceed in three stages. Part 1 places the motor theory of speech perception in a larger framework based on our earlier models of the adaptive formation of mirror neurons for grasping, and for viewing extensions of that mirror system as part of a larger system for neuro-linguistic processing, augmented by the present consideration of recognizing speech in a novel accent. Part 2 then offers a novel computational model of how a listener comes to understand the speech of someone speaking the listener's native language with a foreign accent. The core tenet of the model is that the listener uses hypotheses about the word the speaker is currently uttering to update probabilities linking the sound produced by the speaker to phonemes in the native language repertoire of the listener. This, on average, improves the recognition of later words. This model is neutral regarding the nature of the representations it uses (motor vs. auditory). It serve as a reference point for the discussion in Part 3, which proposes a dual-stream neuro-linguistic architecture to revisits claims for and against the motor theory of speech perception and the relevance of mirror neurons, and extracts some implications for the reframing of the motor theory

Do patient characteristics matter when calculating sample size for eczema clinical trials?

BackgroundThe Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) is the core outcome instrument recommended for measuring patient-reported atopic eczema symptoms in clinical trials. To ensure that the statistical significance of clinical trial results is meaningful, trials are often designed by specifying the target difference in the primary outcome as part of the sample size calculation. One method used to specify the target difference is a score that corresponds to a standardized effect size.Objectivesto assess how the standardized effect size of POEM scores vary across age, gender, ethnicity and disease severity.MethodsThis study combined data from five UK-based randomized clinical trials of eczema treatments in order to assess differences in self-reported eczema symptoms (POEM) corresponding to a standardized effect size (0.5 SD of baseline POEM scores) across age, gender, ethnicity and disease severity.ResultsPOEM scores corresponding to 0.5 SD(baseline) were remarkably consistent across participants of varying ages, gender, ethnicity and disease severity from datasets of five UK trials in children (range 2.99–3.45).ConclusionsThis study provides information that can support those designing clinical trials to determine their sample size and can aid individuals interpreting trial results. Further exploration of differences in populations beyond the United Kingdom is needed

Implementing evidence-based recommended practices for the management of patients with mild traumatic brain injuries in Australian emergency care departments: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial

Background: Mild head injuries commonly present to emergency departments. The challenges facing clinicians in emergency departments include identifying which patients have traumatic brain injury, and which patients can safely be sent home. Traumatic brain injuries may exist with subtle symptoms or signs, but can still lead to adverse outcomes. Despite the existence of several high quality clinical practice guidelines, internationally and in Australia, research shows inconsistent implementation of these recommendations. The aim of this trial is to test the effectiveness of a targeted, theory- and evidence-informed implementation intervention to increase the uptake of three key clinical recommendations regarding the emergency department management of adult patients (18 years of age or older) who present following mild head injuries (concussion), compared with passive dissemination of these recommendations. The primary objective is to establish whether the intervention is effective in increasing the percentage of patients for which appropriate post-traumatic amnesia screening is performed. Methods/design: The design of this study is a cluster randomised trial. We aim to include 34 Australian 24-hour emergency departments, which will be randomised to an intervention or control group. Control group departments will receive a copy of the most recent Australian evidence-based clinical practice guideline on the acute management of patients with mild head injuries. The intervention group will receive an implementation intervention based on an analysis of influencing factors, which include local stakeholder meetings, identification of nursing and medical opinion leaders in each site, a train-the-trainer day and standardised education and interactive workshops delivered by the opinion leaders during a 3 month period of time. Clinical practice outcomes will be collected retrospectively from medical records by independent chart auditors over the 2 month period following intervention delivery (patient level outcomes). In consenting hospitals, eligible patients will be recruited for a follow-up telephone interview conducted by trained researchers. A cost-effectiveness analysis and process evaluation using mixed-methods will be conducted. Sample size calculations are based on including 30 patients on average per department. Outcome assessors will be blinded to group allocation