Management of acute injuries of the tibiofibular syndesmosis

The syndesmosis is important for ankle stability and load transmission and is commonly injured in association with ankle sprains and fractures. Syndesmotic disruption is associated with between 5 and 10% of ankle sprains and 11-20% of operative ankle fractures. Failure to recognize and appropriately treat syndesmotic disruption can portend poor functional outcomes for patients; therefore, early recognition and appropriate treatment are critical. Syndesmotic injuries are difficult to diagnose, and even when identified and treated, a slightly malreduced syndesmosis can lead to joint destruction and poor functional outcomes. This review will discuss the relevant anatomy, biomechanics, mechanism of injury, clinical evaluation, and treatment of acute injuries to the ankle syndesmosis

Neptune odyssey: A flagship concept for the exploration of the neptune-triton system

The Neptune Odyssey mission concept is a Flagship-class orbiter and atmospheric probe to the Neptune-Triton system. This bold mission of exploration would orbit an ice-giant planet to study the planet, its rings, small satellites, space environment, and the planet-sized moon Triton. Triton is a captured dwarf planet from the Kuiper Belt, twin of Pluto, and likely ocean world. Odyssey addresses Neptune system-level science, with equal priorities placed on Neptune, its rings, moons, space environment, and Triton. Between Uranus and Neptune, the latter is unique in providing simultaneous access to both an ice giant and a Kuiper Belt dwarf planet. The spacecraft - in a class equivalent to the NASA/ESA/ASI Cassini spacecraft - would launch by 2031 on a Space Launch System or equivalent launch vehicle and utilize a Jupiter gravity assist for a 12 yr cruise to Neptune and a 4 yr prime orbital mission; alternatively a launch after 2031 would have a 16 yr direct-to-Neptune cruise phase. Our solution provides annual launch opportunities and allows for an easy upgrade to the shorter (12 yr) cruise. Odyssey would orbit Neptune retrograde (prograde with respect to Triton), using the moon's gravity to shape the orbital tour and allow coverage of Triton, Neptune, and the space environment. The atmospheric entry probe would descend in ~37 minutes to the 10 bar pressure level in Neptune's atmosphere just before Odyssey's orbit-insertion engine burn. Odyssey's mission would end by conducting a Cassini-like "Grand Finale,"passing inside the rings and ultimately taking a final great plunge into Neptune's atmosphere