Health, environment and working conditions in tobacco cultivation: a review of the literature Saúde, ambiente e condições de trabalho no cultivo de tabaco: revisão de literatura

This study presents a review of the literature published between 1979 and 2010 on health and working conditions in tobacco cultivation, with particular emphasis on the Brazilian context. A review of computerized databases (PubMed, Scopus, WilsonWeb and Bireme/PAHO Virtual Health Library - Public Health) was carried out using the following search terms: tobacco, agricultural worker health, agricultural worker disease, working conditions, unsafe working conditions, occupational risk, occupational disease, and labor force. Articles published in English, Spanish and Portuguese were analyzed. Thirty-seven articles were selected from 214 references that were initially identified. Thirty-four additional publications (reports, etc.) were also analyzed. Among the many effects described in the literature, especially noteworthy are "green tobacco sickness," respiratory disorders, musculoskeletal injuries, mental disorders, and a negative environmental impact. Very few studies have been carried out in Brazil.<br>Este estudo propõe uma revisão da literatura científica publicada entre 1979 e 2010, sobre condições de trabalho no cultivo do tabaco, como ênfase particular no contexto brasileiro. Foi realizada revisão de literatura com consulta às bases de dados Pubmed, Scopus, Wilson Web e BVS - Saúde Pública (Bireme OPAS). Os descritores utilizados foram: tabaco, saúde do trabalhador rural, doença dos trabalhadores agrícolas, condições de trabalho, condições inseguras no trabalho, doenças do trabalho e força de trabalho. Foram selecionados artigos publicados em inglês, espanhol e português. Trinta e sete artigos foram selecionados a partir de 214 referências que foram inicialmente identificados. Trinta e quatro outras publicações (relatórios técnico, livros e outros) também foram analisadas. Entre os muitos efeitos descritos na literatura, destaca-se "doença da folha do tabaco verde", distúrbios respiratórios, lesões músculo-esqueléticas, doenças mentais, e um impacto negativo relacionado ao meio ambiente. No Brasil poucos estudos têm sido realizados sobre este tema

Environmental change and out-migration: evidence from Nepal

Scholars and activists have hypothesized a connection between environmental change and out-migration. In this paper we test this hypothesis using data from Nepal. We operationalize environmental change in terms of declining land cover, rising times required to gather organic inputs, increasing population density, and perceived declines in agricultural productivity. In general, environmental change is more strongly related to short- than long-distance moves. Holding constant the effects of other social and economic variables, we find that local moves are predicted by perceived declines in productivity, declining land cover, and increasing time required to gather firewood. Long-distance moves are predicted by perceived declines in productivity, but the effect is weaker than in the model of short-distance mobility. We also show that effects of environmental change vary by gender and ethnicity, with women being more affected by changes in the time required to gather fodder and men by changes in the time to gather firewood, and high caste Hindus generally being less affect than others by environmental change