2. Establishment of the School

The formal establishment of the New York State School of Industrial and Labor relations grew out of the thoughtful and vigorous action of a unique group of practical politicians who firmly believed, as they stated in their first report, that “Though we may legislate to the end of time, there will never be industrial peace and harmony without good faith, integrity, a high degree of responsibility, and a real desire to cooperate on the part of all parties concerned.

Environmental Values and Landscape Architecture: A New Ecological Paradigm Study

In recent decades, landscape design theory has been affected by an increase in pro-environmental values. Currently, concepts of ‘sustainability’ and ‘ecosystem services’ exert a strong influence. These concepts involve sustaining current human behaviors within the constraints of ecological limits and maintaining or enhancing the goods and services that humans receive from ecosystems, respectively. In this way, they are most characteristic of anthropocentric environmental worldviews with high degrees of concern for the instrumental values of ecosystems, which are indicative of shallow ecology. Previous researchers have advanced theoretical characterizations of the environmental values of landscape architects in terms of environmental ethics. However, as of yet, no statistics-based model has been developed for this purpose. In order to advance such a model, and in the effort to further characterize the environmental values of landscape architects, two studies were performed. Both utilized data collected with the New Ecological Paradigm (revised-NEP) survey. In the first study, a Shallow v. Deep Worldview model was used to characterize revised-NEP survey responses of landscape architecture students and alumni practitioners from Utah State University (USU) in terms of shallow or deep ecology. The results indicate that the groups exhibited essentially anthropocentric environmental values, which were characteristic of shallow ecology worldviews. In the second study, the revised-NEP survey was used to assess the environmental worldviews of general education and landscape architecture students at USU. The results indicate that the landscape architecture students exhibited greater pro-environmental worldviews, which were correlated to differences in political orientation between the groups. Overall, the results of the two studies support the notions that the study or practice of landscape architecture is correlated to greater pro-environmental values than are common for general higher education students, and that, in general, current landscape architecture students and practitioners exhibit environmental values that are characteristic of ecologically-concerned, yet essentially anthropocentric, shallow ecology worldviews

A measurement based study of the acoustics of pipe systems with flow

The focus of this thesis is the measurement of specific aeroacoustic properties in ducts at frequencies below the cut-on frequency of the first higher order mode. A body of measurement results are presented which highlight the effect of flow on some of the aeroacoustic characteristics in ducts as well as describe the aeroacoustic sources of an in-duct orifice and a simple expansion chamber. The results have been compared with published theory where appropriate. Important developments from measurements of the acoustic characteristics of a simple duct with flow include a new experimental method to determine the viscothermal attenuation coefficient. In addition, pressure reflection coefficient measurements of an unflanged duct with flow with two different edge conditions are used in conjunction with a numerical model developed by Gabard [1] to determine the extent of vorticity shed from the duct termination. A novel method is presented for the measurement of aeroacoustic source strengths in ducts with flow. The source is defined in terms of acoustic power and is determined by measuring the acoustic power flux both upstream and downstream of the source region in a duct. The method adopts a plane wave approximation and was assessed experimentally by creating a source in a duct at a number of known frequencies and modifying its magnitude by a known amount. The source measurement technique is applied to an in-duct orifice. The results are used to determine the spectral characteristic and velocity dependence of the source. The results indicate that the duct-to-orifice area ratio has a important effect on the spectral characteristics and velocity dependence of the source. New measurements of the aeroacoustic source strength of a simple flow excited expansion chamber are presented. The results indicate that lock-on flow tones occur when hydrodynamic modes which form in the chamber match the tailpipe resonant frequencies. The results are compared with predictions of a model based on describing function theor

Privacy in America: The Traditions, Changing Views, and Response

Senior Project submitted to The Division of Multidisciplinary Studies of Bard College

Classification and Biogeography of New World Grasses: Anomochlooideae, Pharoideae, Ehrhartoideae, and Bambusoideae

Molecular data support Anomochlooideae and Pharoideae as the two most basal extant clades within Poaceae. Anomochlooideae are endemic to the New World and have two tribes and two genera including the widespread Streptochaeteae (3–4 spp.) and the critically endangered Anomochloeae (1 sp.) of coastal Bahia, Brazil. Pharoideae are pantropical with one tribe, three genera, and 14 species; all eight species of Pharus occur only in the New World. Bambusoideae and Ehrhartoideae are sister groups and together form a clade sister to Pooideae, although support for this set of relationships is low. Ehrhartoideae are a worldwide subfamily represented in the New World by three tribes (Ehrharteae [as several introduced species], Oryzeae, and Streptogyneae), eight genera, and 33 species. Bambusoideae, also worldwide, include two tribes, Bambuseae (woody bamboos) and Olyreae (herbaceous bamboos). The native New World members of Bambuseae (21 genera, 359 spp.) are divided into four subtribes (Arundinariinae, Arthrostylidiinae, Chusqueinae, Guaduinae), including the genera Chusquea (136 spp.), Merostachys (46 spp.), Aulonemia (34 spp.), Arthrostylidium (32 spp.), and Guadua (25 spp.). Together they are most diverse in the central and northern Andes and southeastern Brazil (from Santa Catarina to Bahia), with secondary centers of diversity in tropical Mexico, the West Indies, Costa Rica, and the Guayana Highlands of South America, and all (especially Chusquea) have a number of undescribed species especially in the Andes, Guayana Highlands, and mountainous south-eastern Brazil. Olyreae (21 genera, 116–120 spp.) are almost exclusively American and are dominated by Olyra (23 spp.) and Pariana (several to 38 spp.), with one monotypic genus endemic to New Guinea (for which a new subtribe, Buergersiochloinae, is proposed) and with one species (Olyra latifolia) occurring in Africa as well as tropical America

The effect of dissolved air and natural isotopic distributions on the density of water

The effects of dissolved air and of natural isotopic distributions on the density of water have been determined at 1 atm by using a magnetic float densimeter. Dissolved gases were found to decrease the density by 3.0 ± 0.2 × 10-6 g cm-3 at 4°C. The apparent molal volumes of air were found to be nearly independent of saturation concentration and temperatures between 0° and 30°C...

The First Amendment Case Against Partisan Gerrymandering

The Supreme Court recognizes that [p]artisangerrymanders... [are incompatible] with democraticprinciples. I This makes good sense. The fundamentalobjective of redistrictingis to establish \u27fairand effectiverepresentation for all citizens. \u272 And partisangerrymandering-whichthe Supreme Court defines as drawing... district lines to subordinate adherents ofone political party and entrench a rival party inpower\u27--runs counter to that fundamental objective.Nonetheless, the Supreme Court has yet to invalidatea redistricting plan solely as an unconstitutionalpartisan gerrymander. This Symposium issue of theGeorgia Law Review, however, comes at a crucialmoment in the Court\u27s treatment of that question. A casenow before the Supreme Court presents the Court withthe opportunity to set limits on this anti-democraticpractice and to clarify the constitutional bases for thoselimits. While a number of legal arguments for reiningin partisangerrymanderingare now before the SupremeCourt, this Article focuses on just one of those claims.In the authors\u27 view, the First Amendment providesclear legal standards under which courts may properlyinvalidate district lines-and, accordingly, districtingplans-that have been drawn to subordinate theadherents of one politicalparty in favor of the views andelectoralpreferences of the party in power. This Article argues that these standardsare legal rules the Court hasapplied in a variety of contexts and that the applicationof such rules does not require the Court to derive anyadditional metric or metrics by which to adjudicatethese claims.The factual record in two cases recently before theSupreme Court may have supported the application ofthese standards to invalidate the challenged districtsand districting plans at issue-the Wisconsin statelegislative map and Maryland\u27s Sixth CongressionalDistrict. For a number of reasons beyond the scope ofthis Article, the Court remanded both of those casesabsent any holding as to the merits of a FirstAmendment claim.The constitutionality of North Carolina\u27s 2016Congressional Plan, however, now finds itself-following remand and reconsideration by the districtcourt-squarely before the Supreme Court on appeal.Because that challenge now looks to present the nextopportunity for the Court to consider these issues, andbecause of their involvement in the North Carolinalitigation, the authors focus principal attention onapplication of the underlying law to that congressionalredistrictingplan and its individual district