Deep Learning Modalities for Biometric Alteration Detection in 5G Networks-Based Secure Smart Cities

Smart cities and their applications have become attractive research fields birthing numerous technologies. Fifth generation (5G) networks are important components of smart cities, where intelligent access control is deployed for identity authentication, online banking, and cyber security. To assure secure transactions and to protect user’s identities against cybersecurity threats, strong authentication techniques should be used. The prevalence of biometrics, such as fingerprints, in authentication and identification makes the need to safeguard them important across different areas of smart applications. Our study presents a system to detect alterations to biometric modalities to discriminate pristine, adulterated, and fake biometrics in 5G-based smart cities. Specifically, we use deep learning models based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) and a hybrid model that combines CNN with convolutional long-short term memory (ConvLSTM) to compute a three-tier probability that a biometric has been tempered. Simulation-based experiments indicate that the alteration detection accuracy matches those recorded in advanced methods with superior performance in terms of detecting central rotation alteration to fingerprints. This makes the proposed system a veritable solution for different biometric authentication applications in secure smart cities

Why honey is effective as a medicine. 1. Its use in modern medicine

Honey has been used as a medicine for thousands of years and its curative properties are well documented. However, modern medicine turned its back on honey and it is only now, with the advent of multi-resistant bacteria, that the antibiotic properties of honey are being rediscovered

تأثير أشعة جاما على نشاط بعوضة كيولكس ببيثز: 2 - التأثير على النشاط الجنسي للبعوضة

The effects of 3 gamma doses on the sex vitality of the mosquito Culex pipiens L. were studied after irradiation of the larvae, pupae or newly emerged adults. No significant effect on the sex attraction was obseived when irradiation was done at the larval or adult stages with 40 Gray. However, there was a clear effect of radiation at all doses tested on the attraction of males to females when they were irradiated in the pupal stage. At 80 and 120 Gray, there was a significant decrease, when irradiation was carried out in the adult stage. When adults were irradiated at the larval stage, there was a decrease in insemination ability of the males irradiated at 40 Gray when caged with normal or irradiated females. This effect was increased when normal males were caged with irradiated females. At all mating combinations the insemination ability of adult mosquitoes irradiated at the pupal stage was decreased with increasing the dose. When males were irradiated and confined with normal or irradiated females the insemination ability was less than when females were irradiated and confined with normal males, at all the doses tested. When newly emerged adults were irradiated at 40 Gray there was no effect on the male insemination ability. At 80 and 120 Gray, there was a slight effect on insemination ability of the male. As a whole, the effect of all doses on females was higher than on males. When adults were irradiated at the larval stage, there was a clear decrease in insemination frequency of the male irradiated at 40 Gray when caged with normal or irradiated females. At all mating combinations the insemination frequency of ………..يشتمل هذا البحث على تأثير أشعة جاما بثلاث جرعات هي 40 ، 80 ، 120 جراي على النشاط الجنسي لبعوضة الكيولكس ببينز . ودلت النتائج المتحصل عليها على ما يأتي : - لم يكن هناك تأثير ملحوظ على الانجذاب الجنسي عندما شععت الحشرات في الطور اليرقي بالجرعة 40 جراي بينما كان هناك تأثير ملحوظ لجميع الجرعات المستعملة على انجذاب الذكور للإناث عندما شععت الحشرات في طور العذراء . أما عند الجرعة 40 جراي فلم يكن هناك تأثير يذكر على انجذ اب الذكور للإناث عند التشعيع في الطور البالغ ، بينما عند الجرعتين 80 ، 120 جراي فكان هناك نقصا في الانجذاب . - عندما شععت الذكور في طور اليرقة بالجرعة 40 جراي كان هناك نقصا في قابليتها لنقل الحيوانات المنوية إلى الإناث المشععة أو غير المشععة بينما زاد هذا النقص عندما شععت الإناث بنفس الجرعة وكانت الذكور غير مشععة . أما عند تشعيع العذاري فقد قلت قابلية النقل المنوي عند جميع المجموعات التزاوجية بزيادة الجرعة الاشعاعية . وعندما شععت الذكور وتواجدت مع إناث مشععة أو غير مشععة كانت قابلية النقل المنوي أقل منها عند تشعيع الإناث وتواجدت مع ذكور غير مشععة وذلك عند جميع الجرعات الإشعاعية المستعملة . وعند تشعيع الطور اليافع بالجرعة 40 جراي لم يكن هناك تأثير ملحوظ على قابلية نقل المني بينما عند 80 ، 120 جراي كان هناك تأثير بسيط على قابلية الذكر لنقل المني . وعلى العموم فإن تأثير الجرعات على الانثى كان أكثر منه على الذكور . ‏- عند تشعيع الحشرات في الطور اليرقي بالجرعة 40 ‏جراي أي كان هناك نقص في عدد مرات تزاوج الذكر المصحوب بنقل الحيوانات المنوية عندما يتواجد مع إناث عادية ‏أو مشعة وفي جميع المجموعات التزاوجية كان عدد مرات التزاوج للحشرات المشععة في طور العذراء يقل بازدياد الجرعة الإشعاعية وعند تشعيع الذكر وتواجده مع اناث مشععة أو غير مشععة كان عدد مرات التزواج أقل منه عند تشعيع الانثى وتواجدها مع ذكور غير مشععة في جميع الجرعات الاشعاعية المستعملة . اما عند تشعيع الحشرات في الطور اليافع بالجرعة40 جراي لم يكن هناك تأثير على عدد مرات التزاوج ، بينما عند الجرعتين 80 ‏،120 ‏جراي كان هناك تأثير بسيط وعلى العموم فإن تأثير الاشعاع على الأنثى كان أكثر منه على الذكر عند جميع الجرعات المستعملة

تأثير أشعة جاما على نشاط بعوضة كيولاكس ببينز 1- التأثير على انجذاب البعوضة للضوء والألوان والعائل

The present work was carried out to investigate the effects of gamma radiation at three doses: 40, 80 and 120 Gray. On the response of the adult mosquito Culex pipieas complex when irradiated in the larval, pupal or adult stage, to the surrounding environmental factors as light, colour and host. There was no effect of any of the doses applied on the response of both sexes of the adult mosquito to light whether the irradiation was applied at the larval or the pupal stages. When the adult females were irradiated at 120 Gray there was a significant decrease in its response when compared to control females. The colour preference of the control adults was in the order, pink, green, yellow, blue (the least preferable). When adults were irradiated in the larval stage at 40 Gray they preferred the pink colour. While when they were irradiated in the pupal stage at 40 Gray, the males preferred the green colour while the females preferred the pink colour, the blue colour still the least preferable. At 80 and 120 Gray both males and females preferred the pink colour and the blue was the least preferable too. When adults were irradiated at 40 Gray the pink colour was preferable and the blue was still less preferable. However with increasing the dose to 80 and 120 Gray, the attraction to the blue colour was increased and that to the pink colour was decreased. There was no significant effect on the response of the females to host when they were irradiated in the larval stage at 40 Gray. However there were significant decreases in the attraction of females to host when they were irradiated in the pupal stage at high doses tested. When newly emerged adults were irradiated with 40 Gray no significant effect was observed on the female response to host, while at 80 and 120 Gray there was a significant reduction.يشتمل هذا البحث على تأثير أشعة جاما بثلاث جرعات هي 40 ، 80 ، 120 جراي على استجابة بعوضة الكيولكس ببينز عندما تشعع في طور اليرقة أو العذراء أو الطور اليافع لبعض العوامل المحيطة بها مثل الضوء والألوان والعائل .وتتلخص النتائج المتحصل عليها فيما يلي : - - لم يكن هناك تأثيرا ملحوظا لجميع الجرعات المستعملة على استجابة الحشرة للضوء سواء كانت التشعيع في الطور اليرقي أو طور العذراء ، بينما عندما شععت الأنثى في الطور اليافع بالجرعة 120 جراي كان هناك انخفاضا ملحوظا في استجابتها للضوء بمقارنتها بالأنثى التي لم تشعع . - كان ترتيب تفضيل الحشرات غير المشععة للألوان هي : الوردي الشفقي - الأخضر الاشاري - أصفر زحل - الأزرق بلون الافق . وعندما شععت الحشرات في طور اليرقة بالجرعة 40 جراي فضلت اللون الوردي وعندما شععت في طور العذراء بالجرعة40 جراي فضلت الذكور اللون الأخضر ، بينما فضلت الاناث اللون الوردي وما زال اللون الأزرق الأقل تفضيلا . وعند الجرعتين 80 ، 120 جراي فضلت كل من الاناث والذكور اللون الوردي بينما ظل اللون الأزرق أقل تفضيلا . وعندما شععت الحشرات في الطور البالغ بالجرعة 40 جراي كان اللون الوردي هو المفضل أما الأزرق فكان الأقل تفضيلا . ولكن عند الجرعات الأعلى 80 ، 120 جراي فقد ازداد الانجذاب للون الأزرق بينما الانجذاب قل للون الوردي . - لم يكن هناك تأثير للجرعة الاشعاعية 40 جراي في الطور اليرقي على استجابة أنثى الطور البالغ نحو العائل بينما كان هناك تأثيرا معنويا عندما شععت العذارى على استجابة الأنثى نحو العائل عند الجرعات العالية . وعند تشعيع الطور البالغ بالجرعة 40 جراي لم يكن هناك تأثير ملحوظا على استجابته للعائل بينما كان هناك تأثيرا معنوي على هذه الاستجابة عند الجرعتين 80 ، 120 جراي

Efficient Generation of Cancelable Face Templates Based on Quantum Image Hilbert Permutation

The pivotal need to identify people requires efficient and robust schemes to guarantee high levels of personal information security. This paper introduces an encryption algorithm to generate cancelable face templates based on quantum image Hilbert permutation. The objective is to provide sufficient distortion of human facial biometrics to be stored in a database for authentication requirements through encryption. The strength of the proposed Cancelable Biometric (CB) scheme is guaranteed through the ability to generate cancelable face templates by performing the scrambling operation of the face biometrics after addition of a noise mask with a pre-specified variance and an initial seed. Generating the cancelable templates depends on a strategy with three basic steps: Initialization, Odd module, and Even module. Notably, the proposed scheme achieves high recognition rates based on the Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AROC) curve, with a value up to 99.51%. Furthermore, comparisons with the state-of-the-art schemes for cancelable face recognition are performed to validate the proposed scheme

Efficient Generation of Cancelable Face Templates Based on Quantum Image Hilbert Permutation

The pivotal need to identify people requires efficient and robust schemes to guarantee high levels of personal information security. This paper introduces an encryption algorithm to generate cancelable face templates based on quantum image Hilbert permutation. The objective is to provide sufficient distortion of human facial biometrics to be stored in a database for authentication requirements through encryption. The strength of the proposed Cancelable Biometric (CB) scheme is guaranteed through the ability to generate cancelable face templates by performing the scrambling operation of the face biometrics after addition of a noise mask with a pre-specified variance and an initial seed. Generating the cancelable templates depends on a strategy with three basic steps: Initialization, Odd module, and Even module. Notably, the proposed scheme achieves high recognition rates based on the Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AROC) curve, with a value up to 99.51%. Furthermore, comparisons with the state-of-the-art schemes for cancelable face recognition are performed to validate the proposed scheme

Efficient Implementation of Homomorphic and Fuzzy Transforms in Random-Projection Encryption Frameworks for Cancellable Face Recognition

To circumvent problems associated with dependence on traditional security systems on passwords, Personal Identification Numbers (PINs) and tokens, modern security systems adopt biometric traits that are inimitable to each individual for identification and verification. This study presents two different frameworks for secure person identification using cancellable face recognition (CFR) schemes. Exploiting its ability to guarantee irrevocability and rich diversity, both frameworks utilise Random Projection (RP) to encrypt the biometric traits. In the first framework, a hybrid structure combining Intuitionistic Fuzzy Logic (IFL) with RP is used to accomplish full distortion and encryption of the original biometric traits to be saved in the database, which helps to prevent unauthorised access of the biometric data. The framework involves transformation of spatial-domain greyscale pixel information to a fuzzy domain where the original biometric images are disfigured and further distorted via random projections that generate the final cancellable traits. In the second framework, cancellable biometric traits are similarly generated via homomorphic transforms that use random projections to encrypt the reflectance components of the biometric traits. Here, the use of reflectance properties is motivated by its ability to retain most image details, while the guarantee of the non-invertibility of the cancellable biometric traits supports the rationale behind our utilisation of another RP stage in both frameworks, since independent outcomes of both the IFL stage and the reflectance component of the homomorphic transform are not enough to recover the original biometric trait. Our CFR schemes are validated on different datasets that exhibit properties expected in actual application settings such as varying backgrounds, lightings, and motion. Outcomes in terms standard metrics, including structural similarity index metric (SSIM) and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC), suggest the efficacy of our proposed schemes across many applications that require person identification and verification

Cancelable template generation based on quantization concepts

The idea of cancelable biometrics is widely used nowadays for user authentication. It is based on encrypted or intentionally-distorted templates. These templates can be used for user verification, while keeping the original user biometrics safe. Multiple biometric traits can be used to enhance the security level. These traits can be merged together for cancelable template generation. In this paper, a new system for cancelable template generation is presented depending on discrete cosine transform (DCT) merging and joint photographic experts group (JPEG) compression concepts. The DCT has an energy compaction property. The low-frequency quartile in the DCT domain maintains most of the image energy. Hence, the first quartile from each of the four biometrics for the same user is kept and other quartiles are removed. All kept coefficients from the four biometric images are concatenated to formulate a single template. The JPEG compression of this single template with a high compression ratio induces some intended distortion in the template. Hence, it can be used as a cancelable template for the user acquired from his four biometric traits. It can be changed according to the arrangement of biometric quartiles and the compression ratio used. The proposed system has been tested through merging of face, palmprint, iris, and fingerprint images. It achieves a high user verification accuracy of up to 100%. It is also robust in the presence of noise

Automatic semantic segmentation of breast tumors in ultrasound images based on combining fuzzy logic and deep learning-A feasibility study.

Computer aided diagnosis (CAD) of biomedical images assists physicians for a fast facilitated tissue characterization. A scheme based on combining fuzzy logic (FL) and deep learning (DL) for automatic semantic segmentation (SS) of tumors in breast ultrasound (BUS) images is proposed. The proposed scheme consists of two steps: the first is a FL based preprocessing, and the second is a Convolutional neural network (CNN) based SS. Eight well-known CNN based SS models have been utilized in the study. Studying the scheme was by a dataset of 400 cancerous BUS images and their corresponding 400 ground truth images. SS process has been applied in two modes: batch and one by one image processing. Three quantitative performance evaluation metrics have been utilized: global accuracy (GA), mean Jaccard Index (mean intersection over union (IoU)), and mean BF (Boundary F1) Score. In the batch processing mode: quantitative metrics' average results over the eight utilized CNNs based SS models over the 400 cancerous BUS images were: 95.45% GA instead of 86.08% without applying fuzzy preprocessing step, 78.70% mean IoU instead of 49.61%, and 68.08% mean BF score instead of 42.63%. Moreover, the resulted segmented images could show tumors' regions more accurate than with only CNN based SS. While, in one by one image processing mode: there has been no enhancement neither qualitatively nor quantitatively. So, only when a batch processing is needed, utilizing the proposed scheme may be helpful in enhancing automatic ss of tumors in BUS images. Otherwise applying the proposed approach on a one-by-one image mode will disrupt segmentation's efficiency. The proposed batch processing scheme may be generalized for an enhanced CNN based SS of a targeted region of interest (ROI) in any batch of digital images. A modified small dataset is available: https://www.kaggle.com/mohammedtgadallah/mt-small-dataset (S1 Data)