Low vitamin D and risk for small for gestation age babies in gestational diabetes

This study aims to find the possible correlation of vitamin D with the onset of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its effect on fetal growth. A case-control study was conducted recruiting pregnant women in their second trimester. All subjects were classified as per the guidelines of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criterion. Fetal growth scans were recorded at 28th week of gestation. Venous blood was collected and serum levels of 25-(OH) D, Calcium, TNF alpha were measured. Vitamin D concentration in cases was lower (2.40 ± 1.10 ng/ml) as compared to controls (5.50 ± 1.74 ng/ml), while serum calcium levels of both groups were under normal range. TNF alpha level in cases was higher as compared to controls (p \u3c 0.001). On ultrasound scan, 47% of the babies of GDM mothers were small for gestational age. No difference was observed in terms of femur length and fetal weight in both groups (p \u3e 0.05). Weak negative correlation of vitamin D with insulin resistance (r = −0.304; p = 0.004), positive correlation with fetal growth (r = 0.303; p = 0.043) and a strong negative correlation with TNF alpha levels (r = −0.703; p = 0.023) were observed. Low vitamin D levels may be associated with the onset of gestational diabetes and affect fetal growth and development. Hence, antenatal screening and timely intervention is recommended

Evidence from nitrogen isotope ratios for enhanced productivity during formation of eastern Mediterranean sapropels

International audienc

The saltation illusion demonstrates integrative processing of spatiotemporal information in thermoceptive and nociceptive networks

In sensory saltation, first reported by Geldard and Sherrick (Science 178:178-179, 1972), a stimulus is displaced towards a second one following closely in time and space as a function of the delay between the stimuli. The distance between stimulus locations is restricted by the extension of sensory fields in the primary somatosensory cortex. Saltation is assumed to reflect dynamic changes in these cortical representations. The present study demonstrates for the first time saltation in thermoceptive and nociceptive pathways with CO(2) laser stimulation. Stimuli were presented to the dorsal forearms of 18 healthy subjects at two intensities. Saltation patterns consisted of a reference stimulus S0 near the wrist, the first test stimulus S1 at the reference location after a fixed onset delay of 1,000 ms, and a second test stimulus S2 at a location 105 mm distant from reference after a variable onset delay of 60-516 ms. Perceived positions were indicated by the subjects without skin contact with a 3D tracker. As expected, subjects mislocalized S1 towards S2. Mean S1 displacement was 51+/-36 mm. Decreasing delays between S1 and S2 resulted in increasing displacements, independent of intensity. However, since no clear-cut discrimination of thermal versus nociceptive activation could be achieved definite conclusions about differences between the two modalities cannot be drawn. In addition, effects of body site on the saltation characteristics were observed. The saltation paradigm constitutes a promising approach to the functional analysis of spatiotemporal dynamics in thermoceptive and nociceptive networks to supplement brain-mapping approaches to cortical sensory fields