Impulse transmission model of macroeconomic cycle within the framework of the theory of shocks: Aspect of economic security

Hereinafter presented approach to the categories of the theory of shocks outlines a certain progress on the way to understand shocks in the context of cyclical development of national economies and on the global level [1]. The research evolves the Slutsky’ hypothesis of the cyclical model of the economic system’s reaction on the random effects of impulses (shocks) combined with the impulse transmission approach to the model of the macroeconomic business cycle by Ragnar Frish, tested by American scientists Irma And Frank Adelman [2] with the help of Klein-Goldberger model. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016

Impulse transmission model of macroeconomic cycle within the framework of the theory of shocks: Aspect of economic security

Hereinafter presented approach to the categories of the theory of shocks outlines a certain progress on the way to understand shocks in the context of cyclical development of national economies and on the global level [1]. The research evolves the Slutsky’ hypothesis of the cyclical model of the economic system’s reaction on the random effects of impulses (shocks) combined with the impulse transmission approach to the model of the macroeconomic business cycle by Ragnar Frish, tested by American scientists Irma And Frank Adelman [2] with the help of Klein-Goldberger model. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016

Classification and structure of echovirus 5 '-UTR sequences

Enteroviruses are classified into two genetic clusters on the basis of 5'-UTR and all echoviruses (ECV) are classified together with coxsackie B viruses (CBV), coxsackie A viruses (CAV) types 2-10, 12, 14 and 16, and enteroviruses (EV) 68, 69, 71 and 73. During the present study, 5'-UTR-derived sequences constituting the largest part of the Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) of ECVs were studied with respect to their possible secondary structures, which were predicted following the phenomenon of "covariance", i.e. the existence of evolutionary pressure in favour of structural conservation in the light of nucleotide sequence variability. In this and previous studies, no correlation between overall 5'-UTR identity and the currently recognised Human Enterovirus species was found, implying that notwithstanding their divergent protein-encoding regions, these species are free to exchange 5'-UTRs by recombination. Secondary structure features which are known to be highly conserved amongst enteroviruses and specifically the GNRA tetraloop in secondary structure domain IV, involved in long-term tertiary interactions and loop B in secondary structure domain V with an as yet unknown function were also conserved in ECVs. In contrast, the C(NANCCA)G motif, which is considered to be important in virus transcription and translation, was not conserved in all ECVs and sequence patterns observed in other enterovirus groups and rhinoviruses were recorded