Pulsar-wind nebulae and magnetar outflows: observations at radio, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths

We review observations of several classes of neutron-star-powered outflows: pulsar-wind nebulae (PWNe) inside shell supernova remnants (SNRs), PWNe interacting directly with interstellar medium (ISM), and magnetar-powered outflows. We describe radio, X-ray, and gamma-ray observations of PWNe, focusing first on integrated spectral-energy distributions (SEDs) and global spectral properties. High-resolution X-ray imaging of PWNe shows a bewildering array of morphologies, with jets, trails, and other structures. Several of the 23 so far identified magnetars show evidence for continuous or sporadic emission of material, sometimes associated with giant flares, and a few possible "magnetar-wind nebulae" have been recently identified.Comment: 61 pages, 44 figures (reduced in quality for size reasons). Published in Space Science Reviews, "Jets and Winds in Pulsar Wind Nebulae, Gamma-ray Bursts and Blazars: Physics of Extreme Energy Release

Riociguat treatment in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: Final safety data from the EXPERT registry

Objective: The soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator riociguat is approved for the treatment of adult patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and inoperable or persistent/recurrent chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) following Phase

Support quadric method in non-imaging optics problems that can be reformulated as a mass transfer problem

The article deals with problems of generating desired illumination patterns, formulated in a special way. More precisely, we consider problems that can be reformulated as a Monge–Kantorovich mass transfer problem with some cost function. For all problems of this type, we uniformly formulate the support quadric method and show that it coincides with the gradient method for finding the maximum of a certain concave function

Method for calculating the eikonal function and its application to design of diffractive optical elements for optical beam shaping

We develop a method for calculating the eikonal function (or the phase function) of the light field, ensuring the formation of a prescribed irradiance distribution in the geometrical optics approximation. In the proposed method, the problem being solved is formulated in a semi-discrete form as a problem of the maximization of a concave function. For finding the solution to the latter problem, a gradient method is used, with analytical expressions obtained for the gradient. Using the developed method, we calculate an eikonal function that provides the formation of a “discontinuous” hexagram-shaped irradiance distribution. We demonstrate that the use of the solution obtained in the framework of the geometrical optics as an initial approximation in iterative Fourier transform algorithms allows one to calculate diffractive optical elements having a quasi-regular microrelief

New lead-free hybrid halometallates with dioctahedral anions synthesized using the template function of homopiperazine

Abstract New organic-inorganic hybrid halometallates of the general formula (HpipeH2)-[M2X10] · 2H2O, where M = Sb, Bi; X = Br, I; Hpipe is homopiperazine (C5N2H12), were synthesized. The crystal structures of three new compounds, α-(HpipeH2)2[Sb2I10] · 2H2O (1), β-(HpipeH2)2[Sb2I10)]-2H2O (2), and (HpipeH2)2[Bi2Br10] · 2H2O (3), were determined and analyzed in comparison with the previously synthesized analog (HpipeH2)2[Bi2I10] · 2H2O (4). All four compounds have similar crystal structures, in which inorganic dioctahedral [M2X10]4− anions alternate with organic (HpipeH2)2+ cations and water molecules to form 3D systems based on (N)H⋯X, (N)H⋯O, and (O)H⋯X hydrogen bonds. In all structures, the (HpipeH2)2+ cation serves the same template function, forming three (N)H⋯X hydrogen bonds with halogen atoms of the inorganic anion and one (N)H⋯O bond with a water molecule. In going from Sb to Bi and from I to Br, the band gap width increases and reaches 2.89 eV for compound 3

Candidate genes of regulation of skeletal muscle energy metabolism in athletes

All biological processes associated with high sports performance, including energy metabolism, are influenced by genetics. DNA sequence variations in such genes, single nucleotide variants (SNVs), could confer genetic advantages that can be exploited to achieve optimal athletic performance. Ignorance of these features can create genetic “barriers” that prevent professional athletes from pursuing a career in sports. Predictive Genomic DNA Profiling reveals single nucleotide variations (SNV) that may be associated with better suitability for endurance, strength and speed sports. (1) Background: To conduct a research on candidate genes associated with regulation of skeletal muscle energy metabolism among athletes. (2) Methods: We have searched for articles in SCOPUS, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Clinical keys, PubMed, e-LIBRARY databases for the period of 2010–2020 using keywords and keywords combinations; (4) Conclusions: Identification of genetic markers associated with the regulation of energy metabolism in skeletal muscles can help sports physicians and coaches develop personalized strategies for selecting children, teenagers and young adults for endurance, strength and speed sports (such as jogging, middle or long distance runs). However, the multifactorial aspect of sport performances, including impact of genetics, epigenetics, environment (training and etc.), is important for personalized strategies for selecting of athletes. This approach could improve sports performance and reduce the risk of sports injuries to the musculoskeletal system. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Научные исследования в сфере педагогики и психологии: конвергенция и генезис знаний

В монографии представлены результаты научных исследований в сфере педагогики и психологии. В коллективной монографии рассматриваются: теоретико-методологические и практические подходы к исследованию актуальных вопросов современной педагогики; педагогика высшей школы: теоретические и практические проблемы высшего образования; личность, семья и общество: вопросы педагогики и психологии. Рассматриваемые основные положения педагогики и психологии дают новое представление об этих дисциплинах, без которых невозможно воспитание и образование человека. Коллективная монография обращена к магистрантам, аспирантам, исследователям и практикам, преподавателям школ и других учебных заведений для расширения знаний по педагогике и психологии, а также широким слоям читательской аудитории, интересующимся актуальными проблемами и перспективами исследований в сфере педагогики и психологии

Научные исследования в сфере педагогики и психологии: конвергенция и генезис знаний

В монографии представлены результаты научных исследований в сфере педагогики и психологии. В коллективной монографии рассматриваются: теоретико-методологические и практические подходы к исследованию актуальных вопросов современной педагогики; педагогика высшей школы: теоретические и практические проблемы высшего образования; личность, семья и общество: вопросы педагогики и психологии. Рассматриваемые основные положения педагогики и психологии дают новое представление об этих дисциплинах, без которых невозможно воспитание и образование человека. Коллективная монография обращена к магистрантам, аспирантам, исследователям и практикам, преподавателям школ и других учебных заведений для расширения знаний по педагогике и психологии, а также широким слоям читательской аудитории, интересующимся актуальными проблемами и перспективами исследований в сфере педагогики и психологии