«Знаки страдания» в системе официальных наград XX-XXI веков

The question of the place of phaleronyms (medals, crosses, orders, etc.) awarded to a person for the suffering he has experienced is considered in the system of official awards of the 20th 21st centuries. For their designation, the author uses the term lapel pins for suffering. This group includes, first and foremost, wound lapel pins given during the period of hostilities (for military personnel and, what is much less common, civilians), as well as awards intended for former prisoners of war, prisoners of fascist camps and victims of terrorist acts. The relevance of the study is due to the establishment at the beginning of the)00 century of about 20 new "lapel pins for suffering" and the evolution of attitudes towards individual grief in society and the state, while emphasizing the possible connection of the second factor with the psychological heritage of the two world wars. The main source of research material is a historical review by M.V. Tsarenko. Turning to other sources is clarifying and complementary. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the classification of "lapel pins for suffering" and understanding of their special place in the award system. It is shown that the considered lapel pins are awarded to a person precisely for suffering, that is, they cannot be characterized as a specific form of reward for merit in the traditional sense.Рассматривается вопрос о месте фалеронимов (медалей, крестов, орденов и др.), вручаемых человеку за испытанное им страдание, в системе официальных наград XX-XXI веков. Для их обозначения используется авторский термин знаки страдания . К данной группе отнесены прежде всего знаки ранения, вручаемые в период боевых действий (для военнослужащих и, что случается гораздо реже, гражданского населения), а также награды, предназначенные для бывших военнопленных, узников фашистских лагерей и жертв террористических актов. Актуальность исследования обусловлена учреждением в начале XXI века около 20 новых «знаков страдания» и эволюцией отношения к индивидуальному горю в обществе и государстве, при этом подчёркивается возможная связь второго фактора с психологическим наследием двух мировых войн. Главным источником исследовательского материала выступает исторический обзор М. В. Царенко. Обращение к другим источникам носит уточняющий и дополняющий характер. Научная новизна работы заключается в классификации «знаков страдания» и осмыслении их особого места в наградной системе. Показано, что рассмотренные награды вручаются человеку именно за муки, то есть их нельзя характеризовать как специфическую форму поощрения за заслуги в традиционном понимании

«Educational company»: Peculiarities of the technology's implementation at different educational levels when forming the economic competencies of future specialists

Introduction. The relevance of the chosen topic is determined by the necessity to train specialists of a new type - constructive, initiative, responsible, full of team spirit, with flexible and economy-oriented mind, able to achieve high results in innovative and business activities and to make independent decisions when faced a choice. Such specialists are crucial for the country's future, its further prosperity. Research Methods. The technology of vocational training "Educational Company", developed by Marina Sergeyeva, was tested at each stage of vocational education. The assessment involved three levels: value-motivational, activitycognitive and reflexive-transformative. Research Results. To define the level of the graduates' economic competencies, three criteria were proposed: cognitive, personality-based and activity-creative. Three levels (low, average and high) were considered, with each of them being disclosed through a system of empirical indicators that reflect the degree of formation of a certain component. For each criterion, seven indicators were singled out, which helped to assess the conformity of graduates of vocational education institutions with economic imperatives. Discussion. The students' level of economic competencies was determined according to three criteria: cognitive, motivational-personal and activity-creative. Key, professional and additional economic competencies were also taken into account at different stages, which allowed us to carry out a comparative analysis of the students' economic competencies in experimental and control groups. The testing of the technology "Educational Company" at different educational levels involved 565 vocational students. The study proved the effectiveness of the developed level criteria (including low, average and high levels) and indicators of the students' economic competencies formation when assessing the graduates' conformity to economic imperatives. The materials given in the article can be useful for vocational teachers, parents and methodologists adapting the graduates to rapidly changing socio-economic reality. Conclusion. The revealed practical peculiarities of imitation training methods make it possible to use the components of a competitive specialist model in the educational process; to fulfill the teacher's potential in improving his/her pedagogical skills; to implement the system of imitation methods underlying the technology "Educational Company". © 2017

"Educational company": Peculiarities of the technology's implementation at different educational levels when forming the economic competencies of future specialists

Introduction. The relevance of the chosen topic is determined by the necessity to train specialists of a new type - constructive, initiative, responsible, full of team spirit, with flexible and economy-oriented mind, able to achieve high results in innovative and business activities and to make independent decisions when faced a choice. Such specialists are crucial for the country's future, its further prosperity. Research Methods. The technology of vocational training "Educational Company", developed by Marina Sergeyeva, was tested at each stage of vocational education. The assessment involved three levels: value-motivational, activitycognitive and reflexive-transformative. Research Results. To define the level of the graduates' economic competencies, three criteria were proposed: cognitive, personality-based and activity-creative. Three levels (low, average and high) were considered, with each of them being disclosed through a system of empirical indicators that reflect the degree of formation of a certain component. For each criterion, seven indicators were singled out, which helped to assess the conformity of graduates of vocational education institutions with economic imperatives. Discussion. The students' level of economic competencies was determined according to three criteria: cognitive, motivational-personal and activity-creative. Key, professional and additional economic competencies were also taken into account at different stages, which allowed us to carry out a comparative analysis of the students' economic competencies in experimental and control groups. The testing of the technology "Educational Company" at different educational levels involved 565 vocational students. The study proved the effectiveness of the developed level criteria (including low, average and high levels) and indicators of the students' economic competencies formation when assessing the graduates' conformity to economic imperatives. The materials given in the article can be useful for vocational teachers, parents and methodologists adapting the graduates to rapidly changing socio-economic reality. Conclusion. The revealed practical peculiarities of imitation training methods make it possible to use the components of a competitive specialist model in the educational process; to fulfill the teacher's potential in improving his/her pedagogical skills; to implement the system of imitation methods underlying the technology "Educational Company"

"Educational company": Peculiarities of the technology's implementation at different educational levels when forming the economic competencies of future specialists

Introduction. The relevance of the chosen topic is determined by the necessity to train specialists of a new type - constructive, initiative, responsible, full of team spirit, with flexible and economy-oriented mind, able to achieve high results in innovative and business activities and to make independent decisions when faced a choice. Such specialists are crucial for the country's future, its further prosperity. Research Methods. The technology of vocational training "Educational Company", developed by Marina Sergeyeva, was tested at each stage of vocational education. The assessment involved three levels: value-motivational, activitycognitive and reflexive-transformative. Research Results. To define the level of the graduates' economic competencies, three criteria were proposed: cognitive, personality-based and activity-creative. Three levels (low, average and high) were considered, with each of them being disclosed through a system of empirical indicators that reflect the degree of formation of a certain component. For each criterion, seven indicators were singled out, which helped to assess the conformity of graduates of vocational education institutions with economic imperatives. Discussion. The students' level of economic competencies was determined according to three criteria: cognitive, motivational-personal and activity-creative. Key, professional and additional economic competencies were also taken into account at different stages, which allowed us to carry out a comparative analysis of the students' economic competencies in experimental and control groups. The testing of the technology "Educational Company" at different educational levels involved 565 vocational students. The study proved the effectiveness of the developed level criteria (including low, average and high levels) and indicators of the students' economic competencies formation when assessing the graduates' conformity to economic imperatives. The materials given in the article can be useful for vocational teachers, parents and methodologists adapting the graduates to rapidly changing socio-economic reality. Conclusion. The revealed practical peculiarities of imitation training methods make it possible to use the components of a competitive specialist model in the educational process; to fulfill the teacher's potential in improving his/her pedagogical skills; to implement the system of imitation methods underlying the technology "Educational Company"

«Educational company»: Peculiarities of the technology's implementation at different educational levels when forming the economic competencies of future specialists

Introduction. The relevance of the chosen topic is determined by the necessity to train specialists of a new type - constructive, initiative, responsible, full of team spirit, with flexible and economy-oriented mind, able to achieve high results in innovative and business activities and to make independent decisions when faced a choice. Such specialists are crucial for the country's future, its further prosperity. Research Methods. The technology of vocational training "Educational Company", developed by Marina Sergeyeva, was tested at each stage of vocational education. The assessment involved three levels: value-motivational, activitycognitive and reflexive-transformative. Research Results. To define the level of the graduates' economic competencies, three criteria were proposed: cognitive, personality-based and activity-creative. Three levels (low, average and high) were considered, with each of them being disclosed through a system of empirical indicators that reflect the degree of formation of a certain component. For each criterion, seven indicators were singled out, which helped to assess the conformity of graduates of vocational education institutions with economic imperatives. Discussion. The students' level of economic competencies was determined according to three criteria: cognitive, motivational-personal and activity-creative. Key, professional and additional economic competencies were also taken into account at different stages, which allowed us to carry out a comparative analysis of the students' economic competencies in experimental and control groups. The testing of the technology "Educational Company" at different educational levels involved 565 vocational students. The study proved the effectiveness of the developed level criteria (including low, average and high levels) and indicators of the students' economic competencies formation when assessing the graduates' conformity to economic imperatives. The materials given in the article can be useful for vocational teachers, parents and methodologists adapting the graduates to rapidly changing socio-economic reality. Conclusion. The revealed practical peculiarities of imitation training methods make it possible to use the components of a competitive specialist model in the educational process; to fulfill the teacher's potential in improving his/her pedagogical skills; to implement the system of imitation methods underlying the technology "Educational Company". © 2017

Analysis of inpatient care for HIV-positive patients with malignant lymphomas and hepatitis over 5 years (2011-2015) at the A.S.Loginov Moscow Clinical Research Center, Moscow Healthcare Department [Analiz statsionarnoĭ pomoshchi infitsirovannym VICh bol'nym zlokachestvennymi limfomami i gepatitami za 5 let (2011-2015 gg.) v MKNTs im. A.S. Loginova DZM]

The authors give their own data in the first Russian publication on 170 patients with lymphomas and hepatitis concurrent with HIV infection, on the distribution of therapy regimens by nosological entities and the number of deaths. Conventional protocols and programs were used for diagnosis and treatment. All the patients received highly active antiretroviral therapy. Lymphoma was treated according to the conventional programs using rituximab in people without hepatitis B. Aggressive lymphomas, such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, and plasmablastic lymphoma, were identified in most patients. Hodgkin's lymphoma is the matter of a separate study; it differs in its pathogenesis from other lymphomas. The rate of coinfection with hepatitis was high in the entire group of patients with lymphomas. The major prognostic indicators included low CD4 T-cell counts (less than 50), stage IVB lymphoma, and hepatitis. Complete remissions were achieved in 40% of patients. Forty-one (24%) patients died.Представлены собственные данные в первой отечественной публикации о 170 больных лимфомами и гепатитами в сочетании с ВИЧ-инфекцией, распределению по нозологическим единицам, схемам терапии, числу умерших. Диагностику и лечение проводили по общепринятым протоколам и программам. Все пациенты получали высокоактивную антиретровирусную терапию. Терапия лимфом проводилась по общепринятым программам с использованием ритуксимаба у лиц без гепатита В. У большинства больных определены агрессивные лимфомы - диффузная В-крупноклеточная лимфома, лимфома Беркитта, плазмобластная лимфома. Лимфома Ходжкина является предметом отдельного изучения; по патогенезу она отличается от остальных лимфом. В общей группе больных лимфомами высока коинфекция с гепатитами. К основным прогностическим показателям относятся низкий уровень Т-клеток CD4 (менее 50), IVВ стадия лимфомы, гепатиты. Полные ремиссии получены у 40% больных. Умер 41 (24%) пациент

Recurrent breast cancer

Studies devoted to survival analysis in men with breast carcinoma are significantly smaller than similar studies in women. In most cases, only the general survival rate is evaluated. The majority of authors agree that the prognosis in men with breast cancer is significantly worse than in women with similar disease (Dymarsky 1980; Guinee et al. 1993). The lower general survival rate in men results from an older age and later stages of the disease at the time of the diagnosis. According to the literature, the 5-year survival rate in men with breast carcinoma ranges from 36 to 66 % (Korde et al. 2010). The 10-year survival rates in patients with stage I-Ia is 91.5 %, IIb is 72.5 %, III is 44.2 %, and IV does not exceed 3.2 % (Guinee et al. 1993; Letyagin 2006). © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

Ultrasound of male breast cancer

Breast carcinoma in men is a rare disease, with an incidence of 1:100,000. It is found approximately 100 times more rarely in men than in women. Breast carcinoma represents 0.2-1.5 % of all malignant tumors in men (Crichlow 1972; Ostrovskaya et al. 1988). Studies demonstrate that black men are affected more often than white men, regardless of age. The incidence of breast cancer in black men is 1.8:100,000, compared with 1.1:100,000 in white men (Anderson et al. 2004). © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015