Fluid-Electrolyte Balance Associated with Tennis Match Play in a Hot Environment

Twenty (12 male and 8 female) tennis players from two Division I university tennis teams performed three days of round-robin tournament play (i.e., two singles tennis matches followed by one doubles match per day) in a hot environment (32.2 ±and 53.9 ± 2.4% rh at 1200 hr), so that fluid-electrolyte balance could be evaluated. During singles play, body weight percentage changes were minimal and were similar for males and females (males -1.3 ± 0.8%, females -0.7 ± 0.8%). Estimated daily losses (mmol ·) of sweat sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) (males,158.7,31.3; females,86.5,18.9) were met by the players' daily dietary intakes (mmol ·) of these electrolytes (males,279.1 ± 109.4,173.5 ± 57.7; females,178.9 ± 68.9,116.1 ± 37.5). Daily plasma volume and electrolyte (Na+,) levels were generally conserved, although, plasma [Na+] was lower (p< .05) on the morning of Day 4. This study indicated that these athletes generally maintained overall fluid-electrolyte balance, in response to playing multiple tennis matches on 3 successive days in a hot environment, without the occurrence of heat illness

Factors associated with the prevalence of Otodectes cynotis in an ambulatory population of dogs Fatores associados à prevalência da infestação por Otodectes cynotis em uma população ambulatorial

The objective was to evaluate the factors associated with the prevalence of Otodectes cynotis infestations in dogs assisted at the Dermatology Service of the Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. A total of 250 dogs were examined through direct smear of ear samples using a stereoscopic microscope, for the parasitological diagnostic. All dog owners were interviewed and data regarding the animals and their environments were individually recorded. Mite infestation was observed in 15 animals, with a prevalence of 6%. The variables were tested regarding their association with the mites, using the &#967;2 test and, when appropriate, the Fisher exact test. There were no evidences that age (p = 0,20), sex (p = 0,31), breed (p = 0,50), shape of ear (p = 0,66), type (p = 0,19) and length of hair (p = 0,14) and contact with other animals (p = 0,06) could act as potential risk factors for O. cynotis infestation. However, living environment (p = 0,03) and frequency of environmental cleaning (p = 0,005) may facilitate the infestation. The occurrence of pruritus was associated to the presence of mites (p<0,001), suggesting to be an effect of the parasitism.<br>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os fatores associados à prevalência da infestação por Otodectes cynotis em cães atendidos no Setor de Dermatologia do Hospital Veterinário de Pequenos Animais, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. Foram atendidos 250 cães, sendo o diagnóstico feito através de visualização do ácaro, presente no cerumem coletado e examinado sob microscopia esterioscópica. Todos os proprietários dos cães foram entrevistados para preenchimento de fichas individuais com dados dos animais e do ambiente em que estes viviam. A infestação por O. cynotis foi observada em 15 animais, sendo a prevalência de 6%. A associação entre as variáveis e a presença dos ácaros foi testada através do &#967;2 e quando pertinente pelo teste de Fisher exato. Não houve evidências que permitissem concluir que a idade (p = 0,20), o sexo (p = 0,31), a raça (p = 0,50), o formato das orelhas (p = 0,66), o tipo (p = 0,19) e comprimento da pelagem (p = 0,14) e, o convívio com outros animais (p = 0,06) poderiam atuar como possíveis fatores de risco para a infestação. Entretanto, o ambiente em que viviam os animais (p = 0,03) e a freqüência de limpeza (p = 0,005) parecem propiciar a infestação. A ocorrência de prurido esteve associada à presença dos ácaros (p<0,001), sugerindo ser um efeito do parasitismo