Structure generation by irradiation: What can glimpse teach us about the ISM structure?

Diffuse emission in the mid-infrared shows a wealth of structure, which lends itself to high-resolution structure analysis of the interstellar gas. A large part of the emission comes from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), excited by nearby ultraviolet sources. Can the observed diffuse emission structure be interpreted as column density structure? We discuss this question with the help of a set of model molecular clouds bathed in the radiation field of a nearby O star. The correlation strength between column density and "observed" flux density strongly depends on the absolute volume density range in the region. Shadowing and irradiation effects may completely alter the appearance of an object. Irradiation introduces additional small-scale structure, and it can generate structures resembling shells around H II regions in objects that do not possess any shell-like structures whatsoever. Nevertheless, with some effort, structural information about the underlying interstellar medium can be retrieved. In the more diffuse regime [n(H I) ≳ 100 cm-3], flux density maps may be used to trace the 3D density structure of the cloud via density gradients. Thus, while caution definitely is in order, mid-infrared surveys such as GLIMPSE will provide quantitative insight into the turbulent structure of the interstellar medium

Cost-effectiveness of heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (Prevenar) in Germany: considering a high-risk population and herd immunity effects

Vaccines, conjugate, Costs and cost analysis, Germany, Child, pre-school, Immunity, herd,

Performance of molybdenum with UF4 at high temperatures as a wall material for space reactors

Thin 99.99 pet purity molybdenum (Mo) foils for use in gas core reactors have been tested in both liquid and gaseous uranium tetrafluoride (UF4) at temperature ranges of 1500 to 2000 K under argon pressures approaching 600 torr for exposure times of 15 to 75 minutes. Weight change measurements have been performed before and after the experiments. Surface and cross-sectional analyses of the samples have been done using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron microprobe (EMP), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The Mo container, which was exposed for nearly 9 hours to both liquid and gas phase UF4, was also examined. No reaction or diffusion of uranium or fluorine has been found on the cross sections of the samples under the experimental conditions. These results indicate that molybdenum can be a candidate wall material in contact with UF4 as used as a circulating fuel at ultrahigh temperatures

Paleo-Yardangs -- Wind-Scoured Desert Landforms at the Permo-Triassic Unconformity

In Canyonlands National Park, south-east Utah, at least 29 partly exhumed, aligned sandstone ridges trending generally N20-degrees-W occur at the upper unconformable surface of the Lower Permian (Leonardian) White Rim Sandstone. The ridges are at least 1.5 km long, 250 m wide and have up to 14 m of vertical relief (mean of 9 m). A thin lag of coarse sandstone that contains wind-ripple laminae and granule ripples directly overlies the ridges. Angular blocks of sandstone within the lag and sand-filled fissures immediately below the lag, within the ridges, attest to early cementation of the ridge-forming material. SE-dipping aeolian cross-strata within the White Rim Sandstone and within the lag closely parallel the ridge trend. The ridges are interpreted as wind-sculpted desert landforms (yardangs) that developed on the lithified upper surface of the White Rim Sandstone during an extended period of hyperaridity towards the end of the Permian

Factors associated with vulvar cancer from 2005 to 2021 in Togo, sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract Background vulvar cancer, once predominantly diagnosed in older women, is increasingly being diagnosed in younger individuals, due to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Our study aimed to describe the epidemiological and histopathological aspects of vulvar cancer in Togo and its associated factors. Methods This was a cross-sectional study, conducted on vulvar cancer cases histologically diagnosed at the Pathological Laboratory of Lomé over a period of 17-years (2005–2021). Parameters investigated included age, occupation, risk factors, sample nature, macroscopic tumor aspects, histological types, therapeutic intervenions, and prognostic outcomes. Results A total of 32 cases of vulvar cancer were collected, yieding an annual frequency of 1.88 cases. The average age of the patients was 48±14.12 years with extremes of 27 years and 82 years. Housewives accounted for the largest proportion of cases (37.5%). Among the 32 cases, 27 had identifiable risk factors, with HPV infection being the most prevalentr (33.3%). The ulcero-budding aspect was most frequently observed, and squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histological type, with the majority being well differentiated (89.3%). Statistically significant associations were found between risk factors and histological types, risk factors and degrees of differentiation, as well as between histological types and good differentiation of vulvar cancers. The 3-year survival was estimated at 78.13%. Conclusion The incidence of vulvar cancer is increasing in Togo, particularly among young, primarily due to HPV infection