54 research outputs found
Transcription factor CTCF and mammalian genome organization
The CTCF transcription factor is thought to be one of the main participants in various gene regulatory networks including transcription activation and repression, formation of independently functioning chromatin domains, regulation of imprinting etc. Sequencing of human and other genomes opened up a possibility to ascertain the genomic distribution of CTCF binding sites and to identify CTCF-dependent cis-regulatory elements, including insulators. In the review, we summarized recent data on CTCF functioning within a framework of the chromatin loop domain hypothesis of large-scale regulation of the genome activity. Its fundamental properties allow CTCF to serve as a transcription factor, an insulator protein and a dispersed genome-wide demarcation tool able to recruit various factors that emerge in response to diverse external and internal signals, and thus to exert its signal-specific function(s).Π€Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΡΡ CTCF Π²Π²Π°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ- ΠΊΡΠ² ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ², Π·-ΠΏΠΎΠΌΡΠΆ ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ² Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΌΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΎ. Π‘Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΡΠ² Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ» ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΡΠ² Π·Π²βΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ CTCF ΡΠ° ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ CTCF-Π·Π°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Ρ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈ. Π ΠΎΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Ρ Π· ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ CTCF Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π³ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ² Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ. Π€ΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ CTCF Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΉΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΡΡ, ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΊ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ ΡΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ,Π·Π΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π°Π»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ·Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ, ΡΠΊΡ Π·βΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ½Ρ Π·ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ° Π²Π½ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡ.Π€Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ CTCF ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΠΈ Ρ. Π΄. Π‘Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ CTCF ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ CTCF-Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΡ. Π ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ CTCF Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°. Π€ΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° CTCF ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΊ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ
Gene targeting in melanoma therapy: exploiting of surface markers and specific promoters
One of the problems of gene therapy of melanoma is effective expression of therapeutic gene in tumor cells and their metastases but not in normal cells. In this review, we will consider a two-step approach to a highly specific gene therapy. At the first step, therapeutic genes are delivered specifically to tumor cells using cell surface markers of melanoma cells as targets. At the second step, a specific expression of the therapeutic genes in tumor cells is ensured. Surface markers of melanoma cells were analyzed as potential targets for therapeutic treatment. Criteria for choosing the most promising targets are proposed. The use of specific melanoma promoters allows to further increase the specificity of treatment via transcriptional control of therapeutic gene expression in melanoma cells.ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π΅Π½Π° Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΅Π΅ Π² Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
. Π ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅
ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ, Π½Π° Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ β ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
.ΠΠ΄Π½ΡΡΡ Π· ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΡ Π·Π»ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π΅Π½Π° Π² ΠΏΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
Ρ ΡΡ
Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
Π·Π° ΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΌΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
. Π ΠΎΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΎΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΄Ρ
ΡΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΡ. ΠΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡ Π·Π΄ΡΠΉΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ² Ρ ΠΏΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π· Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΊ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½, Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌΡ β Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ² Ρ ΠΏΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ Π· ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡ
ΡΠΊ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΉΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ², Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
, Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ Π·Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ² Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
Vertebrate Protein CTCF and its Multiple Roles in a Large-Scale Regulation of Genome Activity
The CTCF transcription factor is an 11 zinc fingers multifunctional protein that uses different zinc finger combinations to recognize and bind different sites within DNA. CTCF is thought to participate in various gene regulatory networks including transcription activation and repression, formation of independently functioning chromatin domains and regulation of imprinting. Sequencing of human and other genomes opened up a possibility to ascertain the genomic distribution of CTCF binding sites and to identify CTCF-dependent cis-regulatory elements, including insulators. In the review, we summarized recent data on genomic distribution of CTCF binding sites in the human and other genomes within a framework of the loop domain hypothesis of large-scale regulation of the genome activity. We also tried to formulate possible lines of studies on a variety of CTCF functions which probably depend on its ability to specifically bind DNA, interact with other proteins and form di- and multimers. These three fundamental properties allow CTCF to serve as a transcription factor, an insulator and a constitutive dispersed genome-wide demarcation tool able to recruit various factors that emerge in response to diverse external and internal signals, and thus to exert its signal-specific function(s)
Cancerβstroma interactions as a target for cancer treatment.
During tumor evolution, cancer cells use the tumor-stroma crosstalk to reorganize the microenvironment for maximum robustness of tumor. The success of immune checkpoint therapy generates a new cancer therapy paradigm: an effective cancer treatment should not aim to influence the individual components of super complex intracellular interactomes (molecular targeting), but rather to disrupt the intercellular interactions between cancer and stromal cells, thus breaking the tumor as a whole. In this minireview we consider cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) and their interactions with cancer cells as a promising direction for cancer therapy.Π Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°-ΡΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ³Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ. Π£ΡΠΏΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΡ Π· Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΌΡ Π»ΡΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ: Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ, ΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ± ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΡΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ, Π½Π°ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ, Π°Π±ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, Π°Π±ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²Π½ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΠΌΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ±Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π·ΡΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΡΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΆ ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π·ΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈ ΠΌΡΠΆ Π²Π»Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ. Π£ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΡΠ½Ρ-ΠΎΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°-Π°ΡΠΎΡΡΠΉΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡΠ² (ΠΠΠ€) Ρ ΡΡ
Π½Ρ Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π· ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ.Π Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Ρ-ΡΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ. Π£ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ» Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΌΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°: Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΊ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ²Π°Π² Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈ-ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Ρ-Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΠΠ€) ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°
Variations in genome fragments coding for RNA polymerase in human and simian hepatitis A viruses
AbstractThe genome of hepatitis A virus (HAV) isolated from spontaneously infected African vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) has been cloned and partially sequenced. Comparison of genome fragments (1248 and 162 bp) from the 3D (RNA polymerase) region with the corresponding parts of human HAV genomes revealed a high degree of heterogeneity: there were altogether 257 nucleotide changes leading to 44 substitutions in predicted amino acid sequence, i.e. 89% amino acid identity. This divergence is considered to be significantly greater than genomic variations usually found among human HAV strains, where amino acid identity in the 3D region is over 98%
Chromosomal localization of the gene coding for Ξ±-subunit of Na+,K+-ATPase in the American mink (Mustela vison)
AbstractThe gene coding for the Ξ±-subunit of Na+,K+-ATPase has been localized on chromosome 2 of the American mink (Mustela vison) using the somatic cell hybrids mink-Chinese hamster and pig cDNA clones as hybridization probes
Insertion of short hepatitis virus A amino acid sequences into poliovirus antigenic determinants results in viable progeny
AbstractIn an infectious poliovirus cDNA construct, the determinant encoding antigenic epitope N-Agl (in a loop located between two Ξ²-strands in polypeptide VP1) was altered by site-directed mutagenesis, to be partially similar with the determinants for presumptive epitopes in polypeptides VP1 or VP3 of hepatitis A virus (HAV). The modified constructs proved to be infectious. However, another construct, in which the same locus encoded a βnonsenseβ and a relatively hydrophobic amino acid sequence, exhibited no infectivity. These data showed the feasibility of the insertion of foreign sequences in a specific antigenically active locus of the poliovirus icosahedron, and suggest some limitations with respect to the sequences to be βtransplantedβ
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