14 research outputs found

    Natural variation of toxicity in encrusting sponge Crambe crambe (Schmidt) in relation to size and environment

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    The presence of intraspecific variation in toxicity and its relationship with biological or ecological factors were studied in the spongeCrambe crambe. Within-specimen (periphery and central part), between-size (10,000 mm2) and between-habitat (well-illuminated and dark communities) variations in toxicity were evaluated by the Microtox bioassay. Quantitative differences were detected that were not attributable to within-specimen variation but to size and habitat effects. Habitat comparisons showed that sponges in the shaded habitat were significantly more toxic than those of the well-illuminated community. Sponges of the smaller size classes displayed significantly less toxicity than the medium-sized specimens. Results are interpreted under the optimal defense theory and their ecological implications are considered.Peer reviewe
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